Ch 18 Free Essays

Part 18 Ethers Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides Assigned Reading from McMurry: Read Sections 18. 1 through 18. 9; not answerable for â€Å"Focus on †¦ Epoxy Resins Adhesives, pp. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ch 18 or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now 697-698). Suggested Problems from McMurry: 18. 1a-e;18. 18. 2;18. 3a-d; 18. 4; 18. 5a-d; 18. 6a-b; 18. 7a-b; 18. 8; 18. 9; 18. 10; 18. 11; 18. 12a,b; 18. 13a,b; 18. 14a-c; 18. 16a-f; 18. 17; 18. 18; 18. 19a-c; 18. 20; 18. 21; 18. 22; 18. 23a-e; 18. 24a-I; 18. 25a-f; 18. 26a-d; 18. 27; 18. 28; 18. 29ad; 18. 30a-e; 18. 31; 18. 32; 18. 33; 18. 34; 18. 35a-d; 18. 36; 18. 37; 18. 38; 18. 39; 18. 40a,b; 18. 41a-d; 18. 2; 18. 43; 18. 44; 18. 45; 18. 45; 18. 46; 18. 47; 18. 48; 18. 49; 18. 51; 18. 52; 18. 53; 18. 54; 18. 551-e; 18. 56; 18. 57; 18. 58a-b; 18. 59a-b; 18. 60; 18. 61. 18. 1 Names and Properties of Ethers Method A: Simple ethers; order if two natural substituents. CH3â€CH2â€Oâ€CH2â€CH3 Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether O CH3â€CH2â€CH2â€Oâ€CH3 CH3 Methyl phenyl ether SP 18. 01 Provide methodical names for the accompanying ethers. CH3â€CH2â€Oâ€CH2â€CH2â€CH2â€CH3 O SP 18. 02 Provide structures for the accompanying efficient names. Orderly na me: Isopropyl phenyl ether Systematic name: Cyclohexyl ethyl ether Technique B: Other practical gatherings present, ether segment is a â€Å"alkoxy† substituent. Alkoxy models: methoxy - OCH3, ethoxy - OCH2CH3, propoxy - OCH2CH2CH3, and so on. O C H3 O CH3 O C H3 para-Dimethoxybenzene 3-Methoxy-1-cyclopentene SP 18. 03 Provide orderly names for the accompanying complex ethers. OCH3 O CH2CH3 Cl SP 18. 04 Provide structures for the accompanying orderly names. Deliberate name: meta-Bromopropoxybenzene Systematic name: 1-Isopropoxycyclopentene 18. 2 Synthesis of Ethers The Williamson Ether Synthesis R + O an alkoxide C X R SN2 an alkyl halide methyl 1o best; X = Cl, Br, I, OTos O C ether item Model: O Na + Sodium phenoxide CH3 Br O CH3 Phenyl methyl ether (anisole) + Na Br + X SP 18. 05 Complete the accompanying responses. CH3 C O Na + CH3 I + Na I CH3 C CH3 I + Na O CH3 + Na I SP 18. 06 Provide the reasonable alkoxide and alkyl halide important to create 2-ethoxy-2-methyl butane in great yield. CH3 CH2 C O CH3 CH2 CH3 + Na Br 8. 4 Oxymercuration Intermediates †¢ For research center scale hydration of an alkene †¢ Use mercuric acetic acid derivation in THF followed by sodium borohydride Markovnikov direction †through mercurinium particle Alkoxymercuration of Alkenes General Reaction: R C 2) NaBH4 H C R Ether Alkene RO Step #1 RO C 1) Hg(OAc)2, ROH H g OA C Step #2 R + HOAc Markovnikov expansion SP 18. 07 Complete the accompanying responses by showing the last significant natural item. H C 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH H C 2) NaBH4 H CH3 C H CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH 2) NaBH4 SP 18. 08 Specify the alkene and liquor expected to create the accompanying ether. Liquor OCH2CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3 2) NaBH4 Alkene 18. 3 Reactions of Ethers: Acidic Ether Cleavage General Reaction: HX C O C OH + X C (solid corrosive) Ether Alcohol Alkyl halide SP 18. 09 Predict the item for the accompanying ether-cleavage response. CH3 C O CH3 HBr CH2CH3 8. 4 Reactions of Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement O OH 1,3 O to C move Thermodynamically progressively stable o 250 Allyl phenyl ether C9H10O ortho-Allyl phenol C9H10O Mechanism (includes six-membered change state): 1 O TS 2 3 1 O 2 H keto-enol tautomerization 3 O H SP 18. 10 Predict the structure for the accompanying Claisen improvement. O 250 2-Butenyl phenyl ether C10H12O 18. 5 C yclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 strategies) General Reaction 1: O C + R Alkene C O C H A peracid C An epoxide R C O A carboxylic corrosive Specific Example 1: O Cl C O H m-CPBA o H O + CH2Cl2, 25 C H 1,2-Epoxycycloheptane Cl H C O H 18. Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 strategies) General Reaction 2: C OH X2, H2O C X A halohydrin Alkene O NaOH H2O C + H2O + NaX C An epoxide Review Section 7. 3 Specific Example 2: H CH3 C H CH3 cis-2-Butene Br2 H2O H CH3 Br C OH C H CH3 NaOH H2O O HC CH3 C H + H2O + NaBr CH3 meso-2,3-Dimethyl-oxirane (or cis-2,3-epoxybutane) SP 18. 11 Fill in the fitting intermediates indicating the right stereochemistry. H CH3 C CH3 Br2 NaOH H H2O trans-2-Butene + H2O + NaBr 18. 6 Reactions of Epoxides: Ring-Opening General epoxide structure: O C Since every molecule is sp3 there is significant point strain in the epoxide ring-framework. C Acidic Conditions: Epoxide opening under acidic conditions (fluid corrosive) yields 1,2-diols General Reaction: H O C H C HO C H2O An epoxide C OH A 1,2-diol (glycol) H O C H C + O H O C + C H O H O H Specific Example (utilizing even epoxide): H + H H3O OH H2O OH O H trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol SP 18. 12 Predict the right structure of the item diol demonstrating the right stereochemistry. O H CH3 C CH3 H trans-2,3-epoxybutane H3O+ H2O Note: Epoxide opening under anhydrous acidic conditions yields halohydrins. Explicit Example (2â ° and 1â ° carbons): o 1 carbon o 2 carbon O CH3 H C H 1,2-Epoxypropane Gracious HCl Et2O CH3 C Cl CH2 Cl + CH3 H 1-Chloro-2-propanol (90%) C CH2 OH H 2-Chloro-1-propanol (10%) SP 18. 13 Using the above model foresee the major halohydrin. O H C H C HCl H Et2O O H C H HCl OH C Et2O H Cl CH2 Cl + C CH2 OH H Explanation: In situations where a 2â ° carbon and a 1â ° carbon structure the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin item will be where the early liquor is 2â ° and the halide is 1â °. Endless supply of the epoxide oxygen the halide particle basic assaults the less-frustrated 1â ° carbon with a more noteworthy recurrence to give the major regioisomer. Explicit Example (3â ° and 1â ° carbons): SP 18. 4 Using the above model anticipate the major halohydrin. Circle one. O C H HCl OH C Et2O + C H Cl H C OH C H Explanation: In situations where a 3â ° carbon and a 1â ° carbon structure the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin item will be where the early liquor is 1â ° and the halide is 3â °. Endless supply of the epoxide oxygen the halogen assaults the more-balanced out (same as moresubstituted) carbon iota to give the major regioisomer depicted. Fundamental Conditions: Note: Nucleophile will consistently assault least-prevented position. Explicit Example: o 3 carbon 1o carbon O CH3 C H OH NaOH H2O, ? CH3 C CH2 OH CH3 - Methyl-1,2-propanediol SP 18. 15 Predict the structure of the 1,2-diol from the accompanying response. O C H NaOH H2O, ? Response with Grignard Reagents: O CH3 C H OH 1) CH3CH2MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 SP 18. 16 Predict the structure of the natural item from the accompanying Grignardepoxide response. O H C H 1) CH3MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl Reaction with a 1â ° amine: O H C OH CH2 H H2NCH2CH2CH3 C CH2 N CH2 H Reaction with a 2â ° amine: O H C OH H H3C CH2 + N H3C H C CH2 N CH3 SP 18. 17 Predict the structure of the epoxide and amine expected to produce the amino liquor appeared to one side. Goodness + CH3 C CH3 Epoxide Amine CH2 N H 18. 7 Crown Ethers †¢ Large rings comprising of rehashing (- OCH2CH2-) or comparable units †¢ Named as x-crown-y †x is the all out number of particles in the ring †y is the quantity of oxygen molecules †18-crown-6 ether: 18-membered ring containing 6 oxygen iotas †¢ Central hole is electronegative and draws in cations 18. 8 Thiols and Sulfides †¢ Thiols (RSH), are sulfur analogs of alcohols †Named with the addition - thiol †SH bunch is called â€Å"mercapto group† (â€Å"capturer of mercury†) Thiols: Formation and Reaction †¢ From alkyl halides by uprooting with a sulfur nucleophile, for example, â€SH The alkylthiol item can experience further response with the alkyl halide to give a balanced sulfide, giving a less fortunate yield of the thiol Sulfides †¢ Sulfides (RSR? ), are sulfur analogs of ethers †Named by rules utilized for ethers, with sulfide instead of ethe r for straightforward mixes and alkylthio instead of alkoxy Using Thiourea to Form Alkylthiols †¢ Thiols can experience further response with the alkyl halide to give dialkyl sulfides †¢ For an unadulterated alkylthiol use thiourea (NH2(C=S)NH2) as the nucleophile †¢ This gives a transitional alkylisothiourea salt, which is hydrolyzed neatly to the alkyl thiourea Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides Reaction of an alkyl thiol (RSH) with bromine or iodine gives a disulfide (RSSR) †¢ The thiol is oxidized all the while and the halogen is decreased Sulfides †¢ Thiolates (RS? ) are shaped by the response of a thiol with a base †¢ Thiolates respond with essential or auxiliary alkyl halide to give sulfides (RSR’) †¢ Thiolates are incredible nucleophiles and respond with numerous electrophiles Sulfides as Nucleophiles †¢ Sulfur mixes are more nucleophilic than their oxygen-compound analogs †3p valence electrons (on S) are less firmly held th an 2p electrons (on O) †¢ Sulfides respond with essential alkyl halides (SN2) to give rialkylsulfonium salts (R3S+) Oxidation of Sulfides †¢ Sulfides are effortlessly oxidized with H2O2 to the sulfoxide (R2SO) †¢ Oxidation of a sulfoxide with a peroxyacid yields a sulfone (R2SO2) †¢ Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is regularly utilized as a polar aprotic dissolvable 18. 9 Spectroscopy of Ethers †¢ Infrared: Câ€O single-bond extending 1050 to 1150 cm? 1 covers numerous different retentions. †¢ Proton NMR: H on a C close to ether O is moved downfield to ? 3. 4 to ? 4. 5 †The 1H NMR range of dipropyl ether shows this sign at ? 3. 4 †In epoxides, these H’s assimilate at ? 2. 5 to ? 3. 5 in their 1H NMR spectra Carbon NMR: C’s in ethers display a downfield move to ? 50 to ? 80 Let’s Work a Problem When 2-methyl-2,5-pentanediol is treated with sulfuric corrosive, drying out happens and 2,2dimethylte

Gay; To Be or Not To Be Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay; To Be or Not To Be - Essay Example ut presence for an incredible duration †I realized that I needed to continue existing, and self destruction was not something that entered my thoughts excessively much (close to whatever other individual who has survived young years, most likely). For me the inquiry fixated on my sexuality. Who am I? I asked myself, and what's going on with I? Am I gay? These are questions that pained me for a lot of my development, and I spent an incredible bit of my advancement denying what my identity was. To be gay, or not to be gay, I asked myself, without understanding that the inquiry in being posed was most likely replied. It isn't care for I was an offspring of the fifties or sixties, experiencing childhood in while being gay was the best sin one would ever envision. When I had graduated secondary school it was the late eighties, and gay rights activists were at that point walking down roads in San Francisco and New York, scholastics were examining another Queer politic that was rising, and gay individuals wherever were being told â€Å"come out, you don't have anything to fear.† In any case, the issue is that this origination of being gay and coming out, that you know it inside yet decide to conceal it from society, isn't something that really happens all the time. Before having the choice of â€Å"coming out† to companions and family members, you must have an incredible interior discourse with yourself, and discover what your identity is. Doing this by itself in your adolescents isn't a simple thing, by no stretch of the imagination. I recollect the first occasion when I had a suspicion that I probably won't resemble every other person (or if nothing else, how I thought every other person was †thinking back now I’m sure I realized many closeted gay individuals growing up.) I was simply entering the ninth grade, when numerous individuals are first finding out about their sexuality, and I looked over my homeroom study hall at a dear companion who was sitting their, wearing spaghetti lashes (I had a fairly tolerant school) and cleavage to some degree uncovered. Presently this was somebody who I had known for nearly as long as I can remember, and a

Anarchy :: essays papers

Political agitation Political agitation is the hypothesis of life and lead under which social associations exist without government obstruction or help. It isn't confusion, nor psychological warfare, and has no association with silly brutality; disorder is essentially existing without being administered. Congruity in such a general public would be gotten not by accommodation to laws, or by acquiescence to any type of authority, however by unreservedly entered understandings between people. The United States has solid connections to turmoil, a fairly dumbfounding circumstance. It was brought about by, and is even right up 'til the present time continually being refined by agitators; individuals who keep up the view that the most noteworthy accomplishment of humankind is simply the opportunity of people to communicate unhindered by any type of outer suppression. Men, for example, any semblance of Thomas Jefferson, one of the establishing fathers, whose perspectives can best be summed up in something he lectured, On the off chance that you think individuals unequipped for practicing their decisions with healthy attentiveness, the arrangement isn't to remove their decisions, however to educate their caution. So where did the idea of turmoil originate from? Would it be able to be inborn in human instinct, a hold over from pre-adulthood maybe? Would it be able to be individuals are normally restricted to being determined what to do? Abraham Lincoln, during the celebrated Lincoln-Douglas discusses, said something that sums up human see towards being administered, No man is sufficient to oversee another man without that other's assent. The advanced idea of political agitation similar to a kind of moral common society came during the French Revolution, around 1848. A man named Pierre Joseph Pfoudhon imagined a general public wherein individuals' moral nature and sense of good duty would be so exceptionally built up that legislature would be pointless to direct and ensure society, and is along these lines credited with fathering present day turmoil. Turmoil requires a great deal of duty on the some portion of the person. How does the familiar adage go With opportunity comes obligation. On an individual level, nobody wishes to be commanded, yet at the same time the individual wouldn't like to be encroached upon by others. A Russian-American rebel and ladies' privileges lobbyist named Emma Goldman stated, I need full opportunity and participation to develop as an individual, to gain shrewdness and information. She doesn't allude to opportunity of others, only herself. Voracity of opportunities is reasonable in light of the fact that it is so difficult to believe others to consistently do what is acceptable. Socrates may react, To realize the great is to do the great. Can the possibility of a moral common society, a term instituted by Adam Michnik in Disorder :: articles papers Disorder Disorder is the hypothesis of life and lead under which social connections exist without government obstruction or help. It isn't confusion, nor psychological warfare, and has no association with silly brutality; turmoil is basically existing without being administered. Amicability in such a general public would be gotten not by accommodation to laws, or by acquiescence to any type of authority, however by unreservedly entered understandings between people. The United States has solid connections to political agitation, a fairly dumbfounding circumstance. It was brought about by, and is even right up 'til the present time continually being refined by revolutionaries; individuals who keep up the view that the most noteworthy accomplishment of mankind is simply the opportunity of people to communicate unhindered by any type of outer restraint. Men, for example, any semblance of Thomas Jefferson, one of the establishing fathers, whose perspectives can best be summed up in something he lectured, On the off chance that you think individuals unequipped for practicing their decisions with healthy carefulness, the arrangement isn't to remove their decisions, yet to illuminate their caution. So where did the idea of political agitation originate from? Might it be able to be inborn in human instinct, a hold over from immaturity maybe? Might it be able to be individuals are normally restricted to being determined what to do? Abraham Lincoln, during the celebrated Lincoln-Douglas discusses, said something that sums up human see towards being administered, No man is adequate to oversee another man without that other's assent. The cutting edge idea of political agitation similar to a kind of moral common society came during the French Revolution, around 1848. A man named Pierre Joseph Pfoudhon imagined a general public wherein individuals' moral nature and sense of good duty would be so profoundly built up that administration would be pointless to manage and secure society, and is consequently credited with fathering present day rebellion. Rebellion requires a great deal of responsibility on the some portion of the person. How does the familiar axiom go With opportunity comes obligation. On an individual level, nobody wishes to be commanded, yet at the same time the individual wouldn't like to be encroached upon by others. A Russian-American rebel and ladies' privileges extremist named Emma Goldman stated, I need full opportunity and collaboration to advance as an individual, to gain shrewdness and information. She doesn't allude to opportunity of others, just herself. Covetousness of opportunities is reasonable on the grounds that it is so difficult to believe others to consistently do what is acceptable. Socrates may react, To realize the great is to do the great. Can the possibility of a moral common society, a term authored by Adam Michnik in

Report on Portfolio Management for Investors - Free Essay Example

When investing in some securities, investors are expecting to receive returns, which will compensate the risks taken. Usually, investors form a portfolio, which involves a number of securities, and expect them to generate returns. However, by buying, for example, stocks of leading companies in flourishing industries is not a guarantee of high returns and the effectiveness of the portfolio. That is why investors should choose and apply the appropriate strategy of portfolio management. Today, there are two strategies, which can be implemented for effective portfolio management: the traditional approach based on a balance of the portfolio, its diversification (selecting of papers of well-known companies from different industries, which have a sufficient level of liquidity), and modern portfolio theory approach (constructing portfolios basing on the calculation of the correlation of investment instruments returns: negatively correlated investment may compensate for the failure of one instrument by increasing the profitability of others, while the maximum effect of diversification is achieved by combining a portfolio of negatively correlated investments). All investors, no matter how wealthy he/she is, aim to reach the specific goals, such as safety of the investments, their profitability/returns, and capital growth. The most reliable and secure securities are governm ent securities, which virtually eliminates the risk of the investor. More profitable securities are these of traded firms, but they have a high degree of risk. The most risky investments are stocks of young high-tech companies, but they may be most beneficial in terms of capital gains. Construction of the Portfolio As the major goal of portfolio is its diversification, only the right and wise portfolio structure can provide such diversification. So, constructing the portfolios structure is the essential step in portfolio management. If constructed well, the portfolio can bring significant returns. While being constructed poorly, it can lead to huge losses. The more aggressive an investment portfolio is, the higher the level of risk is and correspondingly higher possible returns are. Thus, the profitability of any investment is a kind of prize for that risk, which the investor takes. Due to the clients requirements of constructing the risky portfolio, the following promising industries have been analyzed: Consumer Goods, Basic materials, Technology, and Healthcare. The choice of industries is based on their influence on peoples lives and economy development. In these particular industries, the following sectors have been identified for further companies selection: services, biotechnology , sporting goods, gold, and communication equipment. According to Bodie (2009), when the economy on its contraction stage, it is advised to choose technology, financials, utilities, consumer durables, and health care sectors; when the economy on its expansion, it is advised to invest in materials, industrial, and energy (p.383). So, taking into account these recommendations, the sectors listed above have been chosen as targeted ones for investments. Asset Allocation Asset allocation is the essential part of the portfolio construction. There are two approaches of asset allocation: bottom-up and top-down. This particular portfolio was constructed using the top-down approach. Thus, the very first decision to be made is to choose between major asset classes, such as money market, bond market, and equity market. , in this case equity market is the most preferable class for allocation of assets. As far as the client is a wealthy person and aims to receive high returns by investing in high risk portfolio, the target securities to invest in are stocks. After deciding on assets class, it is necessary to identify the potential companies, in whose stocks investment will most likely be made. Stocks Selection After the targeted asset class has been identified, the following step is stocks selection. As far as the wealthy investor is interested in earning a high rate of return and is willing to take on substantial risk, therefore, high risk securities. Basing on this requirement and by analyzing historical prices performance for the past two years, ratios in comparison with industry and SP 500, and also taking into account analysts rating, and coefficients of correlation, the portfolio with following companies has been constructed: Aviat Networks, Inc. (AVNW), Codexis, Inc. (CDXS), Claude Resources, Inc. (CGR), DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc. (DWA), and Johnson Outdoors Inc. (JOUT). These companies are not listed in the SP 500 market index. According to analysis of past prices performance (Appendix 4), all stocks, except DWA, have been performing well with the increasing trend, while DWA experienced a decrease in stock price. During the two-year period, DWA reached its min. price of $27 .08 and max. price of $44; CDXSs min. price was $7.11 and max. price was $14.45; JOUTs min. price was $8.96 and max. price was $15.22; CGRs min. price was $0.92 and max. price was $2.3; AVNWs minimum price was $3.46 and maximum price was $7.87. Analysts stocks ratings also were taken into account in order to evaluate and forecast the future stocks performance. According to Zacks Investment Research (2011), DreamWorks Animation Skg Incorporated, a mid-cap growth company in the consumer services sector, is expected to significantly outperform the market over the next six months with average risk; Claude Resources Inc., a micro-cap growth company in the basic industries sector, is expected to underperform the market over the next six months with very high risk; Johnson Outdoors Inc., a small-cap value company in the consumer services sector, is expected to match the market over the next six months with above average risk. The major condition for creation a well-diversified portfo lio is choosing negatively correlated stocks. For revealing stocks, which will provide portfolio diversification, the correlation analysis was conducted. The results of this analysis are presented in the Appendix 2. According to this matrix, DWA is negatively correlated with both JOUT (-0.42) and CGR (-0.36). JOUT is also negatively correlated with AVNW (-0.42) and CGR is negatively correlated with AVNW (-0.16). The negative correlation means that a failure of one investment will be compensated by a rise of another. Correlation analysis has also revealed that coefficient of correlation of DWA and AVNW is 0.86, meaning that if DWA stock price rises, AVNW stock goes down, and vice versa. Regarding the results of analyses described above, the portfolio was structured the following way: AVNW 19%, CDXS 2.23%, CGR 9%, DWA 12.19%, JOUT 58.26%. Companies Overview Aviat Networks, Inc.  [1]  is a leader in wireless transmission solutions. The company applies innovation and IP networking expertise toward building a carrier class foundation for future mobile and fixed broadband networks. With more than 750,000 systems installed around the world, Aviat Networks has built a reputation as a leader in offering best-of-breed solutions including LTE-ready microwave backhaul and a complete portfolio of service and support options to public and private telecommunications operators worldwide. With a global reach and local presence in more than 46 countries, Aviat Networks works by the side of its customers allowing them quickly and cost effectively seize new market and service opportunities. Aviat Networks listed on NASDAQ (AVNW). Codexis, Inc.  [2]  develops industrial biocatalysts, enzymes, and microbes for energy, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries. The company focuses on conversion of renewable resources into transportation fuel s and pharmaceuticals. It offers development of technologies for air and water treatment and chemical manufacturing. The companys products include biocatalyst panels, custom biocatalysts, enzymes, active pharmaceutical ingredients and intermediates, and human cytochrome biocatalysts. Codexis is listed on NASDAQ (CDXS). Claude Resources, Inc.  [3]  acquires, explores, and develops precious metal properties, as well as produces and markets minerals in Canada. The company principally focuses on gold. Its primary mineral properties are located in northern Saskatchewan and northwestern Ontario. The company owns the Seabee Mine, a producing gold mine located at Laonil Lake, Saskatchewan; and Madsen properties located in the Red Lake Mining District of northwestern Ontario. It also holds interests in a portfolio of exploration properties that are located in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario. Claude Resources is listed on NYSE (CGR). DreamWorks Animation SKG, In c.  [4]  engages in the development, production, and exploitation of animated feature films and characters worldwide. It provides animated feature films and characters for the theatrical, home entertainment, television, and merchandising and licensing markets. The company has strategic alliances with McDonalds, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, and Samsung. DreamWorks Animation SKG, Inc. is listed on NASDAQ (DWA). Johnson Outdoors, Inc.  [5]  , together with its subsidiaries, engages in the design, manufacture, and marketing of outdoor recreation products worldwide. Its Marine Electronics segment provides battery-powered fishing motors for trolling or primary propulsion; sonar and GPS equipment for navigation; downriggers for controlled-depth fishing; and marine autopilot systems for large boats. It offers its products through outdoor specialty retailers, retail store chains, marine distributors, international distributors, and original equipment manufacturers. PORTFOLIO EVALUATION For proper portfolio evaluation, it has been monitored during a three-week period. For its assessment such tools as CBOE and RiskGrades were applied. CBOE.com provided a possibility of virtual trading and monitoring the portfolio performance during three weeks from January 31, 2011 to February 18, 2011. Also, with the help of CBOE.com it was possible to buy/sell the chosen stocks and watch how the portfolio could have changed. Another tool, RiskGrades, provided evaluation of risks associated with stocks and portfolio itself. It also helped to make Risk vs. Return analysis, Sector analysis and Risk ranking. Portfolio Performance As mentioned above, the portfolio has been monitored for three weeks. On the January 30, 2011 the following stocks were bought at amount and a price respectively: 20 shares of AVNW, $5.09 per share 5 shares of CDXS, $9.18 per share 85 shares of CGR, $1.98 per share 5 shares of DWA, $28.4 per share 90 shares of JOUT, $15.19 per share As it was an experimental portfolio, such insignificant amount of shares was purchased. The initial portfolio value totaled $1,896.00. During the three-week period the stocks were performing comparatively well and positive; the average change in AVNW price was 0.46%, CDXS 0.12%, CGR 0.13%, DWA 0.44%, JOUT 0.28%. Along with positive average changes in stock prices, the SP-500 market index changed by 0.31%. On February 7, 2011, I have sold 20 shares of CGR @ $2.58 and 70 shares of JOUT @ $15.59 due to constant down falling behavior; moreover, selling of these stocks could help improve portfolio performance and minimize losses. Aft er selling these stocks, the portfolio value also decreased, amounted to $758. From the sales proceeds, I have purchased 80 shares of JOUT @ $15.66 and sold another 10 shares of CGR @ $2.58. As a result of these transactions, the ending value of portfolio was $1,979. Therefore, during three-week period the portfolio gained $68. Risk and Return Analysis Risk and return are the major issues, which the investor is always mainly concerned about. For risk and return evaluation the Risk Grades tool was applied. So, according to RiskGrades.com, the riskiest stock in the portfolio is the stock of Claude Resources, Inc. (CGR), it has a risk rank of 64%, which means that 36% of the tickers in U.S. markets are riskier than CGR (RiskRanking, n.d.). The next, less risky stock is that of Aviat Networks, Inc. (AVNW) having risk rank of 55%. The stocks of DWA, JOUT and CDXS have the risk rank of 30%, 37% and 47% respectively. The portfolio has the total risk rank of 29%, which implies that 71% of the stocks in SP-500 are riskier than the portfolio. According to RiskGrades, the portfolio is 1.81 times as volatile as the SP SP 500 Index. Basing on Return Analysis, the average expected return of the portfolio is 47%. In the short-term perspective, JOUT will generate the highest return in the portfolio (24%), and the lowest return will be that o f DWA (-11%). In the long-term perspective, CDXS will not generate any return, whereas the CGR will generate the highest return (136.6%). But DWA will continue to generate negative return (-39.5%). All in all, the average return in the long-term perspective is going to be 24.38%. Sector Analysis Sector Analysis focuses on how much value movement of the portfolio is explained through average value movement of each sector in your market. Portfolios weights are compared to risk contribution in each sector against markets benchmark index (Sector Analysis, n.d.). So, taking the Risk Grades as a basis for this analysis, it can be concluded that: Financials is the most overweight sector compared to the benchmark. Health Care is the most underweight sector compared to the benchmark. Materials is the most overexposed sector to risk compared to the benchmark. Industrials is the most underexposed sector to risk compared to the benchmark. According to Sector Analysis, the portfolio specific risk (86.4%) is twice as higher than the specific risk of SP-500 (43.5%). Although, the investor wants to invest in high risk portfolio, the fact that the portfolio specific risk is higher than that of SP-500 can be omitted. However, the diversification benefit of 14.5% can minimize the specific risk of the portfolio. RECOMMENDATIONS The primary purpose of this report was to research, analyze the market and construct the portfolio for a high net-worth client, who aims to invest in a high risky portfolio. After conducting the research of literature, industries and sectors, colleting historical prices of some stocks, and making careful financial analysis of key ratios and correlation analysis, and also after monitoring the trial portfolio for three weeks, the following conclusions and recommendations can be made. First of all, the chosen industries and companies are performing quite well for this time and are at high demand. Although, stocks of Codexis, Inc. have been underperforming, and causing significant losses. Also DreamWorks Animation SKG, Inc. stocks have not been generating positive returns; moreover, its return will continue to decrease in the long-term perspective. So, in case the investor will keep the current trial portfolio, I would advise to replace the stocks of DWA and CDXS with other stocks. Des pite the fact the CGR stocks the riskiest ones in the portfolio; they will bring the highest return to the investor. So, it is advised to keep them. In addition, it is advised to include such stocks as JOUT and CGR in the new future portfolio, as these stocks have been performing well and are most likely to generate high returns in the long-term perspective, moreover these companies stocks have the high risk rank. But, by including the AVNW stocks in the new portfolio, which are negatively correlated to both JOUT and CGR, an investor will compensate potential losses. REFERENCES Bodie, Kane, Marcus. (2009). Essentials of investments (8th ed.). McGraw Hill Primis. CBOE trading system. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.cboe.com/ MSN Money. (2011). Key Ratios. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from https://investing.money.msn.com/investments/ Morningstar. (2011). Financials. Retrieved March 20, 2011 from https://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=AVNW Risk grade system. (2011). Retrieved from https://riskgrades.com/ APPENDIX 1 Company Ticker Sector DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc. DWA Services Codexis Inc. CDXS Biotechnology Johnson Outdoors Inc. JOUT Sporting goods Claude Resources, Inc. CGR Gold Aviat Networks, Inc. AVNW Communication Equipment APPENDIX 2 DWA CDXS JOUT CGR AVNW DWA 1 0.65 -0.42 -0.36 0.86 CDXS  1 0.34 0.15 0.66 JOUT   1 0.46 -0.42 CGR    1 -0.16 AVNW     1 APPENDIX 3 Ratio Company Industry SP 500 DWA P/E Ratio 13.3 13.7 20.3 Price/Book Value 1.76 11.59 3.59 Leverage Ratio 1.4 2.1 2.3 Current Ratio 2.63 1 1.4 ROE 14.2 -62.6 22.4 ROA 10.8 -26.6 8 CDXS P/E Ratio NA 14 20.3 Price/Book Value 3.56 5.64 3.59 Leverage Ratio 1.32 1.7 2.3 Current Ratio 3.35 4 1.4 ROE -12.01% 1.7 22.4 ROA -3.71% -2.38 8 CGR P/E Ratio 231 40.4 20.3 Price/Book Value 2.73 3.31 3.59 Leverage Ratio 2 1.5 2.3 Current Ratio 2.3 5.2 1.4 ROE 1.6 3.2 22.4 ROA 0.7 -22.8 8 JOUT P/E Ratio 15.4 13.7 20.3 Price/Book Value 1.2 2.88 3.59 Leverage Ratio 2 2 2.3 Current Ratio 2 2.6 1.4 ROE 8 15.9 22.4 ROA 4 8.3 8 AVNW P/E Ratio NA 26.3 20.3 Price/Book Value 1.36 3.12 3.59 Leverage Ratio 2 2.7 2.3 Current Ratio 1.88 2.6 1.4 ROE -48.9 13.4 22.4 ROA -29.2 6.3 8 APPENDIX 4

Hiv/Aids Essay - 1086 Words

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The Observation Of A Child Named Alice Buck Who Lives

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Human Resource Management for Skill Development - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Skill Development. Answer: Introduction Team work is one of the key criterions to effectively accomplish the organizational or any other goals or motives. The more effective will be the team management and the team work, the more will be the effectiveness of the accomplished task (Turner 2014). We as a group were assigned a job of observing the human resource management in Imaginate Company. We had to determine the aspects of human resource management being initiated by the human resource manager of this organization and providing recommendations accordingly (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). We have accomplished the given task effectively and gain huge knowledge about the various elements that need to be considered by the team members in working as a team. This essay will discuss about the knowledge that I have gathered in working in the team. I will also state some recommendations, which will help to further enhance the effectiveness of the team work. Merits of working in team One of the key merits that have been identified by me in working in the team is the division of the responsibilities. We are five members in the team and among us, we have divided the responsibilities. This helped us in accomplishing the task more effectively. Another key benefit being identified is the generation of more options (Gallie et al. 2012). For a certain point to get evaluated we came up with different and diversified solutions and thus it helped us in having broader considerations during the decision making process. It is also been noticed by me that, due to the team work, the team members came to know each other more effectively. It helped me in gaining diversified and varied knowledge from other team members for a certain issue. Issues identified in the team Beyond the merits and the knowledge that I have gathered from the team work, there are various other issues that had been emerged in the team. At the start of the project, we have decided that Tuckmans teamwork theory will be implemented in order to effectively manage the team (Raes et al. 2015). This is due to the reason that, according to us, step-by-step implementation of this theory will help us to reduce the gap between the team members and understands each others perspective effectively. Figure: 1Tuckmans teamwork theory Cultural diversity However, from the very first stage of this theory, we have faced issues. Forming is the first step in this theory. According to this step, team member takes time to get them accustomed in the team and determine their role in the team. Allocation of the responsibilities are also been done in this step. However, due to the reason that, the four members of our team are culturally different with having different social backgrounds, allocation of the responsibilities became difficult (Pieterse, Van Knippenberg and Van Dierendonck 2013). No one was ready to opt for complex job. Moreover, selection of the team leader also faced difficulties due to the reason that no one was ready to accept the leader who will be culturally and socially different (Woehr, Arciniega and Poling 2013). Thus, random process was selected and I was made the team leader. I have allocated the responsibilities based on the expertise of the team members. Emergence of conflict Conflict is quite normal in any team work and it is ought to happen. However our team faced the conflict regarding the difference in the opinion of the members. Majority of the opinions of the members are contradictory to one another and thus caused in conflict (Plessis 2012). Moreover, they are not ready to adjust or compromise to some extent in order to solve the conflict. Most notable conflict in our team occurred in determining the effectiveness of the initiation of work flexibility in Imaginate Company. Two members were of the opinion that work flexibility is the best option for the organization to enhance their employee performance, whereas another member came with the opinion that work flexibility will not help to increase the effectiveness of the employees. Eventually it caused the deviation from the core objective of our team. Building of consensus Being the team leader I was assigned the role of building consensus among the team members. However, for creation of consensus, adjustment is required from all the team members, which was not possible in this group. This situation can be related with the norming step of Tuckmans teamwork theory. Due to this reason, I opted for individual meeting with all the members to determine their opinions and arguments and tried to identify the limitations (Ishikawa 2012). It helped them to determine their shortcomings in their opinions. However, it is being seen by me that all the team members are more concentrated in identifying the limitations of other members than their own. Accomplishment of the task I being the team leader initiated the approach of transformational style of leadership. According to this leadership approach, the key objective of the leader is to motivate their team members in accomplishing their task (Tabassi, Ramli and Bakar 2012). I helped them in working out the plan for task accomplishment for the team members. In addition, I helped them in determining and evaluating the issues of Imaginate Company. It enabled me as well as the team members to indentify the core areas of the task and accomplish it effectively. Mechanism of feedback Effective feedback mechanism is important and one of the key factors to enhance the effectiveness of teamwork. This is due to the reason that, for the effective management of the teamwork, it is necessary that all the team members will be effectively communicated with one another and with the team leaders (Tausczik and Pennebaker 2013). In our team, we have initiated an effective communication channel among the team members. It helped me as a team leader in effectively coordinating with the team members and managing the issues and grievances of the team members in time (Tsay and Brady 2012). In our team we have initiated a process of conducting a live meeting among the team members once a week. It helped us in evaluating the job being done by the individual team members in a single week along with identifying the areas of improvement. In addition, we are being connected through the use of various electronic mediums such as mobiles, Skype and social media. It helped us in communicating with all the members at any point of time. I being the team leader initiated the process of garnering feedback from the team members in every week (Dumitrescu, Cetina and Pentescu 2012). It helped me in determining the shortcomings of mine in managing the team effectively. Thus, it acted as one of the key sources of determining factors to enhance the effectiveness of the team management. Recommendations By leading and managing the team in accomplishing the given task, I have gained various diversified ideas and knowledge, which can be further used to enhance the effectiveness of the future teamwork. There are some points that are being identified by me, which may help in enhancing the effectiveness of the teamwork in future. The following sections will discuss about these recommended steps. According to me, effective management of the team starts from the selection of the team members. This is due to the reason that, I have seen in working in the team that if the team members are not being selected according to the requirement of the task, then it will be difficult for the team to effectively work based on mutual cooperation and coordination. Thus, the members should be selected in accordance to the requirement. During the time of selection of the team members, it is also to be considered the cultural aspects, mentality and attitude of the team members. This is due to the reason that differences in culture among the team members caused conflict in the team management. Thus, having team member from similar cultural and social backgrounds should be considered. Time allocation is an important aspect in effective management of team. This is due to the reason that, in our team, all the members cannot able to enhance their relationship with one another due to having less time. People tend to get comfortable with one another after spending a certain time. Thus, it is important to allocate enough time to the team members of the newly formed team. It will help them to understand their co-members effectively and thus the mutual cooperation and coordination will get enhanced among the team members. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that in our team work, we have faced various issues in effective management of the team. Key issues identified are the conflict among the members, cultural differences among the members and allocation of minimal time for the teamwork. Various merits such as initiation of effective communication channel and generation of varied and diverse opinions and information are also been observed by me in working in the team. Moreover, knowledge such as how to lead a team and how to create consensus among the team members are being gained by me by working in this team. Based on my gained knowledge, I have stated several recommendations, which will help to enhance the effectiveness of the performance in the future teamwork. Reference Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Dumitrescu, L., Cetin?, I. and Pentescu, A., 2012. Employee feedback-condition for their retention and loyalty. Romanian Journal of Marketing, (3). Gallie, D., Zhou, Y., Felstead, A. and Green, F., 2012. Teamwork, skill development and employee welfare. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(1), pp.23-46. Ishikawa, J., 2012. Transformational leadership and gatekeeping leadership: The roles of norm for maintaining consensus and shared leadership in team performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2), pp.265-283. Pieterse, A.N., Van Knippenberg, D. and Van Dierendonck, D., 2013. Cultural diversity and team performance: The role of team member goal orientation. Academy of Management Journal, 56(3), pp.782-804. Plessis, Y.D., 2012. Exploring teamwork paradoxes challenging 21st-century cross-cultural conflict management in a multicultural organizational context. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12(1), pp.49-71. Raes, E., Kyndt, E., Decuyper, S., Van den Bossche, P. and Dochy, F., 2015. An exploratory study of group development and team learning. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(1), pp.5-30. Tabassi, A.A., Ramli, M. and Bakar, A.H.A., 2012. Effects of training and motivation practices on teamwork improvement and task efficiency: The case of construction firms. International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), pp.213-224. Tausczik, Y.R. and Pennebaker, J.W., 2013, April. Improving teamwork using real-time language feedback. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 459-468). ACM. Tsay, M. and Brady, M., 2012. A case study of cooperative learning and communication pedagogy: Does working in teams make a difference?. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 10(2), pp.78-89. Turner, M.E., 2014. Groups at work: Theory and research. Psychology Press. Woehr, D.J., Arciniega, L.M. and Poling, T.L., 2013. Exploring the effects of value diversity on team effectiveness. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28(1), pp.107-121.

My Mothers Life Story Essays - Films, Flowers In The Attic

My Mothers Life Story BY KRISTY HEWITT 11B TOPIC: THE LIFE STORY OF MY MOTHER. AUDIENCE: People who like to read biographies. PURPOSE: To inform people of what life for the less fortunate can be like. Being one of seven children and being left by both parents had a huge impact on the way my mother's life has unfolded. In her early years, before the age of five, she was one of seven children running wild in the streets of Broadmeadows. Her father was in the military and was not home very much. Her mother, now she can't really remember to much about her, however she can remember the abuse and neglect that was dealt out in her first years of life. She has many reminders of those days, she has a burn on top of her right arm that was caused by hot water spilling over her. She also had stitches in the back of her head after a bad fall. She was stealing from the local supermarket, to this day she doesn't really know how she got away with it maybe no one thought a five-year-old would do such a thing. She was constantly in trouble in one way or another. One day during her first year at school all of her family came home for lunch only to find a neighbour waiting to tell them they were not allowed to go into their own home, this did not make much sense to her at the time. She later found out her mother had separated from her father and had taken up with a man with criminal record. He skipped bail taking her mother with him; she sold everything of any value to neighbours the night before. The money from this was their way to escape. They ran off leaving seven children from the ages of 15 months to 11 years, she never saw of heard from her again until after she was married. The police became involved and they became wards of the state. They were then all taken to Alambi a place for temporary care, they were there for about 4 months. During this time she was very sick and was sent to Fairfield infectious disease hospital with scarlet fever. Soon after this her older two brothers were sent to Burwood boys home and the rest of them went t o East Camberwell Salvation Army children's home. She stayed at that children's home for about 3 years, they were all well provided for. The people who looked after them took a special interest in her family and tried to keep them together as much as possible, they even kept them in touch with their older brothers in the boy's home. They were then shifted to cottages at Box Hill, which was again run by the Salvation Army. They were put into a family situation with two cottage parents Graham and Barbara Coward, they were now a family of 12. Whilst in their care she went to Sunday school and two services every Sunday, she was in the Junior Soldiers, singing company, timberals and what ever else was available to her at the time. At fifteen she committed herself to become a senior soldier of her church. She basically had a lot to thank god for then, only she didn't know how much. Over the years she found that some of her friends were less fortunate than herself, one girl Donna fell preg nant at 14 and another girl she knew ended up in prison. At sixteen she met Garry who was from a caring Salvation Army family. They were married two years later and soon followed their first child Kristy-lee. This was her first real sense of security. Their own home, someone who loved her and of course her child. She thought she had it all, many times she was told she was too young to get married and that she was getting married for all the wrong reasons, but the more they told her the more determined she became. They are still happily married today 17 yrs later. This determination seemed to drive her in everything she did. Her first job was a machinist in a factory. After seven years she became a shop assistant and worked

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How do human beings make decisions? What triggers a person to take action at any given point? These are all questions that I will attempt to answer with my theoretical research into Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance, as well as many of the other related theories. We often do not realize the psychological events that take place in our everyday lives. It is important to take notice of theories, such as the balance theory, the congruency theory and the cognitive dissonance theory so that one’s self-persuasion occurs knowingly. As psychologist and theorist gain a better understanding of Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory manipulation could occur more easily than it already does in today’s society. Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory is very closely related to many of the consistency theories. The first of the major consistency theories, the balance theory, was proposed by Fritz Heider (1946, 1958) and was later revised by Theodore Newcomb (1953). Heider and Newcomb’s theory was mostly looking at the interaction between two people (interpersonally) and the conflicts that arose between them. When two people have conflicting opinions or tension is felt between another person, it is more likely persuasion will occur. Because if no tension was felt between the two parties, or there were no conflicting opinions there would be no need to persuade each other. If you think about it, persuasion occurs only because there is tension between two facts, ideas or people. Charles Larson writes in his book, Persuasion, Reception and Responsibility, â€Å"another approach to the consistency theory is congruency theory, by Charles Osgood and Percy Tennenbaum (1955)† (p.82). This theory suggests that we want to have balance in our lives and there is a systematic way to nu! merically figure it out. When two attitudes collide, we must strive to strike a balance between the two attitudes. The balance varies depending ... Free Essays on Cognitive Free Essays on Cognitive How do human beings make decisions? What triggers a person to take action at any given point? These are all questions that I will attempt to answer with my theoretical research into Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance, as well as many of the other related theories. We often do not realize the psychological events that take place in our everyday lives. It is important to take notice of theories, such as the balance theory, the congruency theory and the cognitive dissonance theory so that one’s self-persuasion occurs knowingly. As psychologist and theorist gain a better understanding of Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory manipulation could occur more easily than it already does in today’s society. Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory is very closely related to many of the consistency theories. The first of the major consistency theories, the balance theory, was proposed by Fritz Heider (1946, 1958) and was later revised by Theodore Newcomb (1953). Heider and Newcomb’s theory was mostly looking at the interaction between two people (interpersonally) and the conflicts that arose between them. When two people have conflicting opinions or tension is felt between another person, it is more likely persuasion will occur. Because if no tension was felt between the two parties, or there were no conflicting opinions there would be no need to persuade each other. If you think about it, persuasion occurs only because there is tension between two facts, ideas or people. Charles Larson writes in his book, Persuasion, Reception and Responsibility, â€Å"another approach to the consistency theory is congruency theory, by Charles Osgood and Percy Tennenbaum (1955)† (p.82). This theory suggests that we want to have balance in our lives and there is a systematic way to nu! merically figure it out. When two attitudes collide, we must strive to strike a balance between the two attitudes. The balance varies depending ...

Grammatical differences between general american english and african Assignment

Grammatical differences between general american english and african american vernacular english (AAVE) - Assignment Example This report seeks to investigate the intricate grammatical features of the language and compare such with the General American English. In doing this, the research will analyses the lyrical contents of a number of songs created by such celebrated African American artists as Jay Z and Kanye West while comparing such with the songs composed with such American artists as John Legend. The report seeks to portray the differences between the two types of English languages and establish the role of arts, especially music in enhancing the spread of each. African American vernacular English is a common language in the United States whose structure comprises of a variety of dialects, sociolects and ethnolects. The language is common among bi-dialect African Americans and has a number of phonological and grammatical similarities with other American dialects of language spoken in the Southern in America. The difference between AAVE and general English spoken by other Americans is clear given the unique grammatical differences in the two types of English dialects. The use of the two different languages is distinct often depending on the cultural backgrounds of the various ethnicities in the country. Artists play a fundamental role in the use of language. Musicians in this context compose their lyrics systematically by using language to communicate. The pattern in the United States is distinct with most of the African American musicians using AAVE while other artists using standards general English. The musicians enhance the spread of the languages. Furthermore, they influence the structure of the languages with their artistic manipulation of language. American English and African American vernacular English (AAVE) and General American English have a number of grammatical differences as the discussion below portrays. The origin, development and spread of AAVE

Leadership and Team Dynamics in the MSCC Case Study - 30

Leadership and Team Dynamics in the MSCC - Case Study Example With respect to the key responsibilities that were associated with each role, Jim Kovecki was primarily responsible for systems maintenance and operations. Conversely, Leon Lassiter was primarily responsible for marketing outreach and conducting himself as a representative of the organization as a means to boost visibility, promote the services that the organization offered, and seek to better hone and organize marketing dynamics to better serve the needs of the organization. Lastly, Jeff Hedges was the lead director of research. Although these roles are straightforward enough, the problem that emerged was that nearly as soon as the project began, the key roles and responsibilities of the individuals that have thus far been enumerated upon seemed to experience a sudden shift. Due to the fact that Lassiter was the one that was spearheading the effort to purchase and implement the new systems, the other shareholders showed little if any interest in fulfilling their job responsibilities in order to assist the transition; interested instead in seeking to busy themselves on other tasks, or outright decline to participate in what they termed as â€Å"Lassiter’s project†. In much the same way, Lassiter was left to spearhead an information technology change over that he had little if any experience in. This served as both a disservice to the firm as well as a disservice to his own responsibilities that he was charged with fulfilling.

The novel by Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The novel by Steinbeck Essay Of Mice and Men, the novel by Steinbeck, frequently dramatises the constant action of back-to-back scenes. Consequently, the novel shares a strong sense of time, which is a formal element of most movies. Steinbecks novel is not targeted at a selective audience in view of its vernacular dialogue and informal touch. Also considering the fast-paced action, Of Mice and Men is very adaptable to a movie version. Using various devices up his sleeve, it is very important that the filmmaker gets across a sense of setting and colour in connection with characters thoughts and feelings. In preparing the final scene of the movie version of Of Mice and Men we were trying to focus on Lennies vulnerability in the outside world, the decline of Georges self-esteem with the demise of Lennie and how the setting and the environment (especially Lennies desired rabbits) reacted to the catastrophic conclusion. Our precise aims regarding filming technique were to use a combination of low and high-angle shots, camera FX to reflect the plot e. g. , dew, steam, fast/moderate paced camera, and deliberate exclusion of the camera from any part of the shot. For soundtracks/FX, we especially tried to imitate characters moods and feelings. Finally, suitable dialogue in calculated manner and appropriate timing re-enforced our essence of Lennies demise and Georges position. The establishing shots arouse an audiences preliminary attention and directly convey a filmmakers purposes. This is because setting, colour, smell, movement and a characters intentions are all elements of this shot. In our film, George carries a great appeal to any audience and connects them with Lennies reality. In the first subjective shot, George scrambles onto his horses saddle and shoots past the ranch at top speed while camera does not linger on setting. I thought that because the camera does not linger on setting, an audience unaware of Steinbecks final plot might get mystified or puzzled as to why George acts so instinctively. We decided on this camera movement keeping in mind that George is very determined and sincere with his friend and he will do the best up to his ability to protect Lennie. The audience can now sense something will go wrong and George will try to help Lennie to get out of the mess. This shot will prompt most audiences to form their own speculations of what is to happen next.

The Evolution Of The Pc And Microsoft Essay -- essays research papers

The Evolution of the PC and Microsoft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Xerox, Apple, IBM, and Compaq all played major roles in the development of the Personal Computer, or  ³PC, ² and the success of Microsoft. Though it may seem so, the computer industry did not just pop-up overnight. It took many years of dedication, hard-work, and most importantly, thievery to turn the personal computer from a machine the size of a Buick, used only by zit-faced  ³ nerds, ² to the very machine I am typing this report on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Xerox started everything off by creating the first personal computer, the ALTO, in 1973. However, Xerox did not release the computer because they did not think that was the direction the industry was going. This was the first of many mistakes Xerox would make in the next two decades. So, in 1975, Ed Roberts built the Altair 80800, which is largely regarded as the first PC. However, the Altair really served no real purpose. This left computer-lovers still yearning for the  ³perfect ² PC...actually, it didn ¹t have to be perfect, most  ³nerds ² just wanted their computer to do SOMETHING.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The burning need for a PC was met in 1977, when Apple, a company formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, released it ¹s Apple II. Now the nerds were satisfied, but that wasn ¹t enough. In order to catapult the PC in to a big-time product, Apple needed to make it marketable to the average Joe. This was made possible by Vi...

Concepts of Competencies to the Jobs Essay

1.How relevant are the concepts of competencies to the jobs in a chicken-processing plant? 1.How relevant are the concepts of competencies to the jobs in a chicken-processing plant? hirsagar had been with Horizon for over twenty years. Starting off as a substitute mill-hand in the paint shop at one of the company’s manufacturing facilities, he had been made permanent on the job five years later. He had no formal education. He felt this was a handicap, but he made up for it with a willingness to learn and a certain enthusiasm on the job. He was soon marked by the works manager as someone to watch out for. Simultaneously, Kshirsagar also came to the attention of the president of the Horizon Employees’ Union who drafted him into union activities. Even while he got promoted twice during the period to become the head colour mixer last year, Kshirsagar had gradually moved up the union hierarchy and had been thrice elected secretary of the union. Labour-management relations at Horizon were not always cordial. This was largely because the company had not been recording a consistently good performance. There were frequent cuts in production every year because of go-slows and strikes by workmen—most of them related to wage hikes and bonus payments. With a view to ensuring a better understanding on the part of labour, the problems of company management, the Horizon board, led by chairman and managing director Aninash Chaturvedi, began to toy with idea of taking on a workman on the board. What started off as a hesitant move snowballed, after a series of brainstorming sessions with executives and meetings with the union leaders, into a situation in which Kshirsagar found himself catapulted to the Horizon board as work-man-director. It was an untested ground for the company. But the novelty of it all excited both the management and the labour force. The board members—all functional heads went out of their way to make Kshirsagar comfortable and the latter also responded quite well. He got used to the ambience of the boardroom and the sense of power it conveyed. Significantly, he was soon at home with the perspectives of top management and began to see each issue from both sides. It was smooth going until the union presented a week before the monthly board meeting, its charter of demands, one of which was a 30 per cent across-the board hike in wages.

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Abraham Lincoln as the Greatest President Essay - 1704 Words

Abraham Lincoln is regarded by many Americans as the greatest president to ever hold office in the history of the United States, and his reputation is definitely well deserved. Lincoln wasnt scared to stand up and fight for what he knew was right. He was convinced that within the branches of government, the presidency alone was empowered not only to uphold the Constitution, but also to protect, and defend it. Lincoln was able to lead our country and preserve the Union, keeping the United States from splintering during the devastating times of the Civil War. As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization, and he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the†¦show more content†¦Lincoln had an older sister, Sarah, and a younger brother, Thomas, who died in infancy. Little is known about Lincolns mother and the Hanks ancestry. She was one of at least eight children named Nancy Hanks born during the 1780s. (Donald, 1995) His mother was reportedly an illegitimate child born out of wedlock, but it was a subject that Lincoln rarely discussed. Nancy died when Lincoln was only nine years old. Family meant a great deal to Lincoln, and he was unfortunately too young to actually know and remember his mother. A year after her death, his father Thomas married again and Lincoln became interested in new family relations. Lincoln and his stepmother were very close. She helped fill the void in his heart and the overall feeling loneliness after his mothers death. Of his Lincoln ancestors he knew only a little more than he did about his mothers side the Hanks. Lincolns grandfather was putting in a crop of corn one day in 1786 when he was attacked and killed by a group of Native Americans. Lincolns father Thomas, due to the loss, was left a poorShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln : The Greatest Presidents1876 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Lincoln is widely known as one of the greatest presidents we have had. 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SoRelle’s book Taking Sides: Clashing Views in U.S. History Volume 1: The Colonial Period to Reconstruction the topic as to whether or not Abraham Lincoln was America’s greatest president during and after the eighteenth century is explored and debated by Phillip Shaw Paludan and Melvin E. Bradford. Paludan believes Lincoln was America’s greatest president on theRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln : Greatest President Of American History1516 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 2014 President Abraham Lincoln: Greatest President in American History President Lincoln said the following about the South in his Inaugural Address, In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.(Freidel and Sidey 2006) President Abraham Lincoln is look uponRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The Greatest President Of All Times798 Words   |  4 Pageshailed as the greatest president of all times, Abraham Lincoln was a strong Presidential leader who is known for his honest ways. He was President during one of the worst wars in American history and was a great leader for our military. Abraham Lincoln helped to abolish slavery. He was shot down in the prime of his life and term of President by John Wilkes Booth. President Lincoln’s contributions to the American society will never be forgotten. On a February morning in 1809 Abraham Lincoln was bornRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Americas Greatest President Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesto just any person, but rather it highlights a courageous, respectful, and driven individual. 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Even fromRead MoreGreatest Presidents of the United States: Abraham Lincoln930 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the great Presidents of the United States and a condemner of war, Abraham Lincoln, once said, â€Å"Military glory--that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood--that serpents eye, that charms to destroy.† Similarly, E.E. Cummings denounces war in his poems, after first hand experiences of battle in World War I. Although American society glamorizes war and the honor of sending a loved one to war, Cummings argues through his depictions of actual life on the battlefield, that this glamorizationRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Lincoln The President that was murdered because he forever freed the slaves in 1863 is how many people in today’s society remember the sixteenth president of the United States of America. President Abraham Lincoln leadership qualities and accomplishments go far beyond that life altering proclamation. American educator Dr. Stephen Covey states, â€Å"Always surround yourself with people who are even more talented and competent than you† This quote is relevant to the leadership skills and qualities

To Kill A Mockingbird Reflection Essay - 890 Words

In the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, it talks about the racism and discrimination against blacks in the 1900’s in Alabama. It is narrated from the perspective of the author Harper Lee herself and is based on memories of her own life. The main character Scout, has an older brother named Jem, who is not as childish as Scout so he is a little more mature. At the beginning of the book, Jem’s level of maturity is not fully developed; nowhere near close at that. But, towards the end of the book, he seems to be able to understand and relate that the world could be a cruel and unfair place. At the beginning of the book, Jem truly has no idea of what is going on in the town of Maycomb. He is completely ignorant of his surroundings and is very†¦show more content†¦This shows that Jem is attempting to comprehend everything thats happening around him like the case with Tom Robinson and the scary assumption’s he has about Boo Radley or Arthur Radley. In addition to th ese changes in Jem’s personality, he also shows that he has completely broken away from his childish ways and wants to understand everything he sees happening in his life with the racism towards blacks and the lies he has in his mind about Arthur Radley. Scout precisely says â€Å"Then he rose and broke the remaining code of our childhood†(141). This is undoubtedly displaying the courageous step Jem is taking towards his manhood and truly understanding that theres certainly a deeper message than what there seems to be, but he still does not fathom what is going on in his life and all the inequality there is in the world; specifically in Maycomb. Soon after he starts to grasp all this information and tries to process it through his head, he begins to have feelings towards the unfair treatment of others around him. At first, he did not know much about what was happening to Tom Robinson or what he was being accused of, but he soon recognizes that what they’re doing to him is absolutely inhumane and unacceptable. Jem shows complete sympathy for Robinson after the case was closed and was declared guilty. Scout describes in detail how emotionally destroyed Jem was after the case when she reveals â€Å"HisShow MoreRelatedTo Kill A Mockingbird Reflection Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesTo Reflect on Mockingbird To Kill A Mockingbird reflected the contentious race relations of the 1930’s-1960’s, and sparked nationwide examination of racism. There are countless court cases that closely resemble the trial that took place in the novel, such as the Scottsboro Trials. The book was published right before the culmination of the Civil Rights Movement. In the years after the book’s publication, the Freedom Riders made their famous trip across the South, and the March on Washington took placeRead MoreReflection Essay On To Kill A Mockingbird720 Words   |  3 PagesCharacter To Kill a Mockingbird was a great book and had many wonderful characters in it. As I was reading, I reflected on my reactions to the characters. Scout was an undoubtedly unique character in all that she did. Scout stood out in a crowd, not only for her courage, but her instinct to do what is right. When Atticus told her not to get into fights with other children about the lawsuit, she held back on her urge to fight. She chose to do what was right, even though she found it difficult. Scout’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Angela s Ashes By Frank Mccourt Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pageslife for those who are poor. 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The great degree that Harper Lee reflects life values and lessons throughout ’To Kill A Mockingbird’ is elucidated through the teachings of the main adult protagonist, Atticus Finch. Over three summers, Atticus guides his childrenRead MoreHow Harper Lees life and childhood influenced her writing of To Kill A Mockingbird2417 Words   |  10 PagesHARPER LEES VIEW OF THE 1930S AS A CHILD Harper Lee is well known for her great contributions towards modern society through her astounding book, To Kill a Mockingbird. The novel is read world-wide, in high schools and colleges because of its in-depth look at the social classes in the south during the 1930s. The book was influenced by society, in particular the social order of the south during her childhood. 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Humanistic counselling is a process whereby the eventual goal is to facilitate the client in developing a personal understanding of self, andRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesKeri The bone people AF Jones, Lloyd Mister Pip AF Joyce, James Ulysses AF Kafka, Franz Metamorphosis AF Kesey, Ken One flew over the cuckoo’s nest AF Keneally, Thomas The chant of Jimmie Blacksmith AF King, Stephen Carrie AF Lee, Harper To kill a mockingbird AF YA Li, Yiyun A thousand years of good prayers AF London, Jack White fang AF McCaffrey, Kate Destroying Avalon YA McCaffrey, Kate In ecstasy YA McCullers, Carson The heart is a lonely hunter AF Malouf, David Remembering Babylon AF MarchettaRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagescircular pattern, whrai the closing event in the story brings the reader back to the introductory part; aframe structure - a story within a story; the latter may contrast or parallel. Tasks to Module 2 1. 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Organizational Change Reflective Learning Portfolio

Question: Describe about the context of change management, resistance to change and managing change. Answer: The Context of Change Management Central to todays organizational change and development are the theories of change management and creative practices developed decades ago by prominent theorists like Maslow, Lewin or Senge. Abraham. H. Maslow is without argument one of the most important psychologists that the world has seen. His hierarchy of human needs and the motivational theory are one of the most enduring contributions to the world. After Maslow postulated his hierarchy of needs theory, individual development became a good in itself. Self-actualization was considered a pre-requisite for a change management. According to the theory of motivation, a person who has his needs in the lower part of hierarchy met, would then progress further towards realizing his potential. This thought serves as a paradigm shift in forming the basis of good leadership and a successful management. One of the core premises that underpin the use of change management is motivation. Every concept about change all boils down to that one word. It is natural for people to become defensive or anxious at the prospect of a change which is something different from the routine a person is used to. Therefore, if an action does not primarily motivate people to put in the effort required to achieve the desired results, the probability of an improvement (change) gets lowered there. But motivation is not something that is achieved in a short run. While we must consider that the beginning of all successful journeys is bound to a little bumpy without motivation as a central part of the strategy, the entire process could easily fail. And as a leader implementing the change, it is his/her duty to carefully undermine the difficulties that go into a change process. A change process begins with preparation or planning, change management, reinforcing and finally evaluating the change. It is during the first step of this process that Maslows theory of motivation plays an important role. It is a leaders responsibility to make attempts to understand the physiological needs of those upon whom the change is inflicted and would be reflected. Any form of initial challenge would be posed by them and when theyre adequately motivated with all their hierarchical needs taken care of, initiating the change shouldnt be as difficult. We live in a world of unprecedented change. With businesses and organizations increasingly going global, competitive, complicated and unpredictable, change is something that has become inherently emergent. The continuous change has made organizations unstable, planned change is not the only kind that is acceptable. Purposeful, calculative and collaborative change processes are to be efficiently connected to unplanned, unexpected emergent changes. This requires immediate implementation as soon as a new trend is spotted. While a number of authors have attempted the what and how of changes, Kurt Lewin is the pioneer in the field. He identified three stages through which an organization traverses before the change becomes a part of the system: Unfreezing, Moving and Refreezing. The first step involves examining the status and requirement for change, the second denotes initiating the change by taking action and involving people and finally finalizing the changes and making them permanent. An expansion and modification to Lewins theory was provided by Rogers (1983) who described planned change to comprise of five phases including awareness, trial, interest, adoption and evaluation which was then further expanded by Ronald Lippitt (1958). These theories can be clustered together and while these theories are the best form of change implementation, it is a time consuming process considering all the stages of implementation. These may be suited for a business environment that is stable but during complex, dynamic period, a more quick thinking is required and emergent planning may be more suitable. Lewins Theory Rogers Theory Lippitt Theory Unfreezing Awareness Problem Diagnoses Motivation and capacity for change assessment Change agents motivation and resource assessment Moving Interest Evaluation Trial Selection of progressive change objective Appropriate role choosing for the change agent Maintaining the change Refreezing Adoption Termination of helping relationship Figure: Comparison between change principles Source: (Roussel, 2006) And these are the main limitations of the Lewins theory wherein the theory assumes an organizations environment as stable and these types of change management could be applicable in small-scale change products. Also, organizational power and politics have not been taken into account and is completely management driven. But the core theme of his work is that the group in which an individual is a part of influences his perceptions, feelings and actions and is most important in bringing about change whether it was at an individual level, group level or the organization level. His primary interest was in resolving conflicts through behavioral changes and to succeed he identified two requirements, an understanding of the formation and maintenance of groups and the motivation behind them and to change their behavior as required for the change. The criticisms on Lewins work could be a result of narrow interpretation of his work. His view of organization wasnt stable or fixed nor did he view change to be one-dimensional and his work demonstrates that he was aware of the limits to stability. Far from viewing change as predictable, he viewed it as an iterative learning process in which the final achievement would hold more value than the journey. His work recognizes that organizational transformation under certain conditions of crisis could be rapid but is limited to structural or technical changes while behavioral changes take time. Conflicts are an ongoing process and his approach with its basis on understanding, developing new insights, and testing solutions is relevant even in todays world of business whether in organizations or the wider society. Decision making in dynamic situation is complex especially when the decision-making process has indirect, delayed and have a number of effects. Yet, in organizations today, managers are constantly put in such situations where they are expected to act. According to the systems thinking approach of Senge (1990), its practice begins with understanding of feedbacks. This basic understanding will then pave the way in enabling people identify recurring patterns. This proves that managers no longer have the liberty of ignoring feedbacks nor misperceive them. And as the strength of feedbacks increase and the time delays happen, the performance in an organization deteriorates markedly. In his book, The Fifth Disciple, Senges relies on the concept of Mental Models which according to him are very important in paving the way in which an individual perceives reality which is in turn shaped by his/her view of the world. The systems perspective allows managers to look beneath the surface into the underlying structures of attitudes and behaviors which aids in gaining the necessary leverage to change which is not accessible by concentrating on only specific events. The basic aim is to achieve growth not by pushing for growth but by limiting the obstructions in the path of growth. But Senges principle is limited in that it did not explore the fundamental structural, social and economical limitations in the growth of an organization because doing so would have been contradictory of his basic goals. But still, the conditions for the operation of an organization are generalized in his book. This way of thinking can be defined as viewing the connections and relationships between things. Instead of considering the individual parts and pieces of an occurrence, systems thinking considers the interdependency between the parts and appreciates it as a whole. According to this theory, an organization is composed of a number of subsystems. The hierarchical needs, bureaucratic relationships, process flow, individual attitudes, perceptions, production, service, sales, quality control and assurance and a number of other factors. And any change to one subsystem will definitely have an impact on the other systems because of the interconnectedness of the subsystems. People in different levels of organization hold diverse perceptions on a particular action and that is what is appreciated in systems thinking perspectives. This leads to a recognition of the underlying structures and map them to the complexity of the change and understand factors that have remained invisible otherwise. Therefore, the three theories of change management arent dated but are still central to todays organizational change management but not as individual theories but are interconnected to each other. These theories are holistic in their view and applicable universally. As argued by Burnes (2014), the best theory for change management would be the one that brings different disciplinary angles together. The systems perspective is valid in its claim that the organization is divided into subsystems that are interrelated and while considering that, the systems theory may seem the best way to go about. But whether the change proposed is organization wide or on the systems of the organization, the ultimate change will have to be effected by the individual and group behaviors and would be reflected on them and in that case, the relevance and applicability of Maslows and Lewins theories cannot be ignored. Resistance to change Employee resistance to change is inevitable and at any point of time, a management must be prepared to respond to it. It is the individuals within the organization that are thwarted and affected by a change and they resist it primarily due to the fear of the unknown. That is, there is a general fear of the effect the brought about change would have on their job performance, their work place relationships and other factors associated with the job. According to Fine (1986), these individuals together have the power to thwart the implementation of any change. People need time to adjust to the changes and this fear of unexpected is more rational than irrational. Weinbach (1986), Malinconico (1983) demonstrate that individuals belonging to an organization are more accepting of changes when the organization management tries to ease their anxieties in a number of ways. These can be achieved by firstly letting the employees know in advance about the change plans. And in specific, the management must provide those employees that are directly affected by the decision with the complete information regarding the changes. And in any case, the management must continuously provide clarified answers to all of the employee questions and provide the employees with the time to reflect on the effect the proposed change will have on themselves and the organization as a whole. For instance, let us consider an example from a study conducted by two communication researchers. The study was about a government agency that had plans to move to a new office building. The workers in the office were old fashioned and used to working under the conditions present in the current building and even though the plan for change had been discussed within the senior management for a while, the plan was not communicated to the employees. The study was conducted by separating the employees into three groups where in one of the group would receive positive information about the change, the second group would receive negative information and the third group would have no information at all. Consequently, one group was informed that the new building would have better amenities and better furniture, the second group was informed that the environment in the new office would hinder privacy and third group was given nothing (Miller, 1985). As expected, the group that received positive information responded positively to the change but the surprising part was that the group that had negative information also responded positively compared to those with no information at all. This made it clear that, be it positive or negative information, sharing as much information as possible with the employees made them better adaptable to the change rather than keeping them in the dark. Another common reason responsible for resistance is when people are apprehensive of the new job-related expectations that a said change could bring. According to a study by Sagie et al (1985), emphasized that individuals who are more experienced at performing a particular job are more resistant to change than the lesser experience employee because theyre used to doing it in a certain way for a long period of time. Debra Shaw (1986) emphasizes on increasing employee participation to reduce resistance to change. People differ in ways they respond to change. Oreg (2003) established the concept of dispositional resistance to change which embodies the differences in reaction of different people. A scale called the RTC was used to measure dispositional resistance to change in which the structural and predictive validities of the resistance was measured. The studies demonstrated that dispositional resistance was related to yet very difficult from intolerance for secrets, aversion to risks, dogmatism or other traits. The trait, according to him comprised of four dimensions including routine seeking which involves the extent to which an individual relies on the stability of an environment, emotional reaction referring to the individuals reaction of discomfort and stress as a result of the change imposed, short-term focus which denotes the inconvenience caused due to individuals pre-occupation with the short term problems that the change might cause without looking into the bigger picture and cognit ive rigidity that refers to the stubbornness and a willful resistance to innovative ideas and changes. Dispositional resistance may prompt people to be not accepting of the changes even if the changes are docile and has a comparatively welcoming context (Jones, Jimmieson and Griffith, 2005). Another important notion crucial to the understanding of resistance is the depth of intervention. The notion was advanced by Harrison (1970) who identified some of the most important factors that have to be considered when making a choice about the depth of intervention. The depth here is associated with the extent to which a persons individual feelings or cognitions are identifiable and the degree to which an individual is emotionally involved in the change process. The depth of intervention choice and time will also depend upon the strategy involved in the change process. For instance, when considering a change in the organizational culture which is part of a fundamental change, the depth of intervention is to be pitched at a depth level and if it is done superficially, the level of resistance will be high and the change process is bound to fail (Jabri, 2012). The cognitive dissonance theory demonstrates that people who are inherently committed to a particular course of action will become insensitive to the potential benefits of the proposed change (Jermias, 2001). In his study, Jermias demonstrated that people refused to accept change even if they are faced with negative feedback on the current system. People who are in general convinced that they should decide objectively instead of being subjective still unconsciously make preconceived decisions towards the course of action to which they find themselves committed. And in applying these to principles to change management of an organization, if the proposed change is out of proportion to the general mindset of people concerned, the proposition is bound to be met with resistance unless a change in attitudes of those involved prevails (Burnes, 2014). And in cases where there is minimum level of dissonance, the resistance will be minimum and the attitude problems negligible. The scenario tur ns upside down in case of crisis situations when the attitude change among concerned people can be brought about rather quickly and a radical change is the only way to overcome dissonance. Involvement of employees can be explained by another concept called the psychological contract. For an organization to effectively implement change, an understanding of the employees is more important than they understand change. Employees of an organization are bound by a set of unwritten expectations based on a persons degree of self-worth and prestige and when it is threatened it leads to unrest. If a person employed in particular position, location or sector is suddenly transferred to a new position, it is imminent that he feels threatened and concerned about his job security, performance and convenience. Hence, psychological contract is another important area that has to be dealt with caution. Therefore, any proposed change by a company needs to be a well thought about plan including the level of employee involvement rather than a hasty situation that is bound to create unrest (Burnes, 2014). Managing Change While change may have been broadly classified as planned and emergent, there are other dimensions to change that find relevance in todays business environment. Transformational change identified by Kotter (1996) is a key type. In his first paper, Kotter identified eight key areas of concern that leads to an organizations transformation efforts to fail. And subsequently went to identify an eight stage process every organization must go through in order for their transformation to be successful. McDonalds is one such company that has undergone a number of transformational changes in recent years. Case Study McDonalds McDonalds underwent transformational change to reposition them in the food market and re-brand them. When the company faced increased censure due to the campaigns from anti-obesity and anti-junk food protesters, McDonald had to change its culture entirely to suit the growing needs of people that had suddenly become very different than what it was a few years ago. And the change was necessary to bring it back into profit. This change though broadly can be classified as emergent change, fits more prominently into the category of transformational change. It was not planned as McDonalds clearly did not see it coming and had to undergo a radical transformation. One of the major characteristics of transformational change that differentiates it from the other styles is the effort of the leaders to involve self-esteem, efficacy and confidence of their employees (Shamir et al, 1993). McDonalds transformation was at broad organization level wherein the organization adapted itself to the environment. The main vision behind McDonalds transformation was to become a health conscious food outlet as opposed to being categorized as junk food (Kapica, 2004). The company repositioned its products as being more nutritious and aligning itself to a new brand image of health and fitness. In the year 2003, McDonalds began this initiative and started serving salads. Their lifestyle initiative strategies included adding nutritional information about the food served in serving trays and their brochures and the year saw McDonalds selling hundreds of millions of salads (Boje and Rhodes, 2006). Jim Cantalupo, the then CEO and Chairman of McDonalds brought about the change my drastically changing the menu and introducing McSalads and launching campaigns for fitness nutrition. Governments and other influential health advocates around the world pointed to McDonalds as a reason for their obesity levels increase. America, the country native to McDonalds is the country with the most obese people. The ongoing Menu changes were then promoted with a new slogan, McDonalds. But not as you know it. The main aim here was to make changes to peoples thinking about McDonalds products and create awareness about the new products for which direct mailing of brochures was done to nearly seventeen million households in the UK. Another problem with McDonalds image emerged when in 2001 the company was accused of using natural beef extracts in its fries enraging vegetarians and Hindus around the world. The consumer base in those sections of the society felt cheated by the apparent misleading of the company even though the fries were never claimed suitable for vegetarians by the company. After a protest on the use of animal fats in the oil used for frying, McDonalds switched to using vegetable oil frying oil and to make up for the lost flavor because of the switch, natural beef flavoring was added to the fries before frying and this did not go well with vegetarian groups. The FDA at the time did not require the company to list natural flavorings in the nutrition table and this controversy came to light when an Indian origin vegetarian living in Los Angeles went to the Headquarters of McDonalds and learnt about the use of natural beef flavors. McDonalds also found itself subject to a number of lawsuits accounti ng to millions of Euros (Schlosser, 2001). The controversy then came to an end when the company admitted to the use of beef extract and claimed that it had never announced the suitability of the fries to vegetarians. They also declared a public apology for the confusion created (Davis, 2001). But strict compliance was followed in India and other Hindu and Islamic countries. And since beef is banned in India and is opposed to the religious beliefs of the people there, McDonalds changed their menu offerings customized to the needs of the country. The menu did not include pork and beef. Similarly, menus in other countries around the world were customized according to the preference of the local community. This transformational change made McDonalds to return back into profit books. Quite recently, the fast food giant also spent a billion in Canada for their brand transformation in the hope of reinvigorating its image in the country. The project will include renovating the stores to make the customers feel more inviting when they enter the outlets. The majority of the investment has been designed to make changes to the store interiors but a part is also accounted to making changes in the menu to include premium salads and healthy beverage alternatives. The company understands that the needs and wants of its consumer bases are changing continuously and adapting to the change is the only way for them to remain continually successful. It has also revised several of its locations as 24-hour operations (Moran, 2011). In spite of all the fast and convenient options and healthy menu option aimed at the baby boomers, the challenges that the company faces today are far more serious than they were a decade ago. Todays generations put calorie count and health ahead of everything else when it comes to their food choices and unfortunately when you think of low calorie food McDonalds is not the first place that comes to our mind. A major overhaul planned in the company features more fruits and vegetables. According to Don Thompson, chief executive officer of McDonalds, the rebranding strategy will look at the company from top to bottom in order to create better value for the customers, good service, effective marketing and adhere to sustainability options. In 2014, it was announced that the rebranding would take a year and a half to be effective. 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