rose for emily Essay -- essays research papers

Al nigh everyone laments how the world has changed since they were young, how everything is now faster, more complicated, and less friendly. In William Faulkners "A Rose for Emily," Miss Emily sees the world change in many different ways, and yet stays the same. In her case, the world she grew up in literally is gone, and she does not posses the skills to change along with it. She is a woman bewildered in time, with no real place among society, especially not a society who places her on a pedestal, enabling her many questionable actions. The factors of her life and the stigmas rigid upon her due to those factors yield to her no choice but the actions which she chose.     Miss Emilys generation grew up in a time when women were expected to get married, nurture children, and make for care of the house. For someone of her status, this would have been the epitome of her adult life. She would be the mistress of a household, leading a life of entertaining a nd quiet leadership. Miss Emily, however, neer married. Her father had never accepted her suitors, meeting them at the door "clutching a horsewhip." He selfishly kept her single all those years, which must have caused spacious embarrassment to a woman from her era, whose whole life should have led up to her marriage. She seldom left her house after her father died, further mystic herself to the town who watched her life from behind their lace curtains.      The Civil War came and went, and Miss Emily still lived in that same house "set on what had once been the most select street," "lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps." Miss Emily had once belonged to the most select class, and still stubbornly maintained the image, so far though she and her entire town knew the truth to be otherwise. She remained a stubborn product of her times, keeping a manservant who most likely had been with her since he had been a slave, and had stayed kayoed of loyalty to her. She continually refused progress, not allowing them to "fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it" when the town finally got postal service. fourth dimension continued ticking on, and yet Miss Emily refused to acknowledge it. She firmly entrenched herself in denial when her father died, telling the townspeople... ...onument to her town even though they weigh that "she was a fallen" woman. "She held her head high enoughit was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity." All her life she had been denied happiness, and now she has found it. Unfortunately, this love was doomed to fail. in that respect are too many traditions, customs, and prejudices engrained in Emily, her town, her family, and her love. home run will not marry her. However, she has finally found love and happiness, and Miss Emily is above the law.So she poisons Homer Barron a nd keeps him in a room upstairs. She sleeps with him every night, his body arranged in the "attitude of an embrace," clinging to the idea of a "marriage" that she never had. She is a sad, lonely woman, and if she cannot have this one last chance at happiness, then she will keep it by force. Throughout her life the town she lived in has been her "enabler," allowing her to continue in her foaming habits Emily has no reason to think that what she has done is wrong. She is simply preserving what is rightfully hers she is holding on to some semblance of happiness that has always been denied her.

The Decameron Essay -- Italy Italian Literature Giovanni Boccaccio Ess

The DecameronBOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI Born in 1313, Giovanni Boccaccio is one of the greatest figures in Italian Literature. He was born in Paris, France by a French woman who remains un get alongn, but on many occasion he speaks very highly of her. His father is an Italian they are portion of the middle class. As for their professional status, they were Merchants / Bankers. Although, Bocaccio was born out of wedlock, his father legitimized him and took him to his house, provided him with a family and a good education. In 1340 Boccaccio moved to Florence where he meets Petrarch in 1350, his mentor. He began case Greek and Roman Classics. During 1339 to 1351 he writes The Decameron one of the most noted and readable book in all literature. It is believed that he completes the first draft of The Decameron before he met Petrarch in 1350. Somehow the meeting with Petrarch changed Boccaccios Literature development. What he admires the most about Petrarch is his scholar and the huma nist. With such influence Boccaccio withdraw from writing about romance, and sooner writes in Latin. He was an ambassador to different mission Boccaccio did some community work while he was intensely involved in literature and his shallow activity. After traveling in different part of Europe, Boccaccio returns to Certaldo where he becomes very sick. In the fall of 1374 he receives the terrible news from Petrachs son-in-law, to let him know that his best friend passed. He was devastated, became depressed and died the following year. SUMMARY OF FOURTH DAY, FIFTH STORYThis love figment is about a rich, young lady friend that falls in love with a young man of a low social status. Ellisabetta is young, beautiful and lives in Mess... ...l of this just to keep a arcanum that ends up coming out anyway. This just proves the old saying, What is done in the dark will come to light. Cottino-Jones sums up love and the community in this story in her book. She says, the lovers in t his books are constantly faced with violence, death and isolation when their affairs come into conflict with societys rigid behavior codes (Cottino-Jones, 79). overlook of communication and social factors made everyone in the story unhappy or dead. WORKS CITEDBoccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron. Translated by Mark Musa & Peter Bondanella. Penguin-Mentor, 1982. Cottino-James, Marga. Order From Chaos loving & Aesthetic Harmonies In Boccaccios Decameron. Washington D. C. University Press, 1982. Decameron Web. http//www.Brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/dweb.shtml. (1999, July 6).

Winston Churchill Essay -- essays research papers fc

Winston Leonard Spencer ChurchillWinston Churchill was one of the most influential people in this century. He held many offices, jobs, and positions that greatly affected the life of the British, and the history of the world.In Blenheim Palace at Woodstock on November 30th, 1874, Winston Churchill was born.1 He grew up as the first child of passkey Randolph Churchill.2 Lord Randolph Churchill held a seat as a member of Parliament and was considered a notable politician.3 Churchills mother, the former Miss Jennie Jerome, was an American, whose father was a newspaper proprietor.4 Being in politics, Lord Randolph and his family traveled much, and bonded rarely. Winston Churchill was a disappointment to his father in many ways. For these reasons, Winston and his father were never close.5 Since Winston did not spend much time with his parents, a nanny was hire to take care of him and his younger brother.6 Her name was Mrs. Everest and she lived with the Churchill family for many years. 7 Winston turned to her for many things and always felt her important role, by showing him affection by dint ofout his life.8 passim his childhood, Churchill was described as an untidy, mischievous child. He was sent to boarding school, where he was constantly doing mischievously in his schoolwork, and also getting into trouble. Even though Churchill did badly in many areas of school, it was noted that he had a phenomenal memory. When he was thirteen he won a prize for reciting 1,200 lines from Macauleys Last Days of past Rome, without a mistake.9 Winston Churchill was an individualist. He disliked team games such as cricket or football. He did however, excel in fencing, which earned him a silver bay wreath in a school competition.After finishing school, Winston went on to fight in the British Army. He loved head-to-head combat, but rarely cut much of it at this time. He served in many places and with many regimens, but his love for active service never decreased. Throughout hi s war career Churchill went through many things, such as being captured by Rebel forces in Cuba. Churchill was sent to a POW camp, but after four weeks he managed to be in his goal of escaping the prison.10 While on duty Churchill sent articles to Newspapers and magazines. To earn money he wrote for the Morning Post... ...spMicrosoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia8.)Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 89.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg.1010.) Donovan, Frank. Famous Twentieth speed of light Leaders (Dodd, Mead & Company. New York, 1964) Pg. 11611.) Carter, Violet Bonham. Winston Churchill An Intimate Portrait. Harcourt, Brace & World INC., New York, 1965.12.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg.1613.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 1914.) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. http//tceplus.com/churchill.htm15.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 2616.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place , 1981.)Pg. 3117.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 4018.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 43 Churchill talking about what to come in the future19.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 6220.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 6221.) Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia22.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 65 General de Gaulle, on the death of Churchill.

Rip Van Winkle and its Impact on Society :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

origin Van Winkle and its Impact on Society Events, no matter how teensy can change a society, a culture, and an outlook in the blink of an eye. Whether it is in a war, a speech, a gesture, or even a novel. upper-case letter Irving made an incredible impact from his short story Rip Van Winkle, drawing the events surrounding him to form a simple story with complex meaning. To bring to a pinpoint, the story shaped the American culture as the American culture shaped the story. Washington should not be able to coach full credit for his story. Rip Van Winkle originated from the Dutch folklores. The story was found in the house of Diedrich Knickerbocker. Although there was some speculation on the verity of the tale, historians agree that the story is now admitted into all Historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority (Irving, 1353). Knickerbocker claims that he actually talked to Winkle himself and concluded that Rip was in sound mind and that the story therefore, is beyond the possibility of doubt (1353). The Catskills are a parallel to the story. Filled with Indian folklores, the Catskills are believed to posses a Manitou or spirit that will take the form of the flesh of human or animal form that would strive to rid the area of bad or tight elements or people. Combing the Dutch folklore, the Indian tales, and the idea of using short simple stories to make a point, Washington created a whole new ratio of literature. The British culture concluded that his story had become the new American literature. Washington analysis of the relationship between the British and the colonists caused a minor levy among people. First, it was unconventional to even mention the revolution since it was such a touchy subject. Secondly, Washington made quite a statement with his notion that the British obtain acted selfishly and oppressive, in turn, portrayed America as the hero. From this folklore, others have grown from it. Som e believe that Rip in fact did not fall asleep, that took adventurous journeys in foreign lands with strange people. Art and child-like fantasies have been the median to which the stories have been communicated.

Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale: Novel and Film Essay -- Compare

Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Novel and FilmThe Handmaids Tale, a science-fiction figment written by Margaret Atwood, focuses on womens rights and what could happen to them in the future. This novel was later made into a movie in 1990. As with most cases of books made into movies, there are some similarities and differences between the novel and the flash. Overall the film tends to stay on the akin track as the book with a few minor details changed, and only two major differences.Atwood sets the story not too far into the future, and the women have lost almost all of their rights. The original government was overthrown and taken over by Christian religious fundamentalists that believed that society was bollocks and women were not taking advantage of their biological duties. The society now is women staying at home, servants, or Unwomen, who are the women who are declared infertile and did not have some(prenominal) social status. The Unwomen are sent to the colonies, which are toxic waste sites, to work, and the life expectancy there is less than three years. The main character, Offred (Kate was her real name), is a handmaid in the Republic of Gilead. Handmaids are the few fertile women left in the United States, and are sent to fieldholds and become pregnant by the man of the house and are trained for giving birth at the Red Center. Offred is sent to a house of a powerful Commander. The Commander also has a married woman that lives in the house. The other servants in the house are Rita and Cora, the Marthas who do the cooking and housework, and Nick the chauffer, who later becomes Offreds lover. Offred is allowed to leave the house once a day to bring grocery errands with a walking friend, Ofglen, who is another handmaid. Off... ...h the arranged marriages and Handmaids. He also says, Sometimes when you try to make things better, its not better for everyone.In the movie, the reasoning is approached the same type of way. Offred tries to ask the Commander about why the government changed and he replies Nobody knew how to feel anything anymore...about respect, reverence, values you can feel in your heart, or in your case, your womb. What the Commander says here is almost the same as what he says in the book some women could not fulfill their destinies because of how society had become corrupted. Generally, the film follows the plot line of Atwoods book quite well other than a few exceptions. The changes the movie made probably do work better just because of the fact that it is a movie. Some things are better explained in books than they could ever be explained in a movie.

Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale: Novel and Film Essay -- Compare

Marg bet Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Novel and FilmThe Handmaids Tale, a science-fiction novel written by Marg bet Atwood, focuses on womens rights and what could happen to them in the future. This novel was later made into a movie in 1990. As with most cases of books made into movies, there are some similarities and differences between the novel and the film. Overall the film tends to stay on the same track as the book with a few minor expatiate changed, and only two major differences.Atwood sets the story non too far into the future, and the women have lost almost all of their rights. The original g overnment was overthrown and taken over by Christian religious fundamentalists that believed that society was corrupt and women were not taking advantage of their biological duties. The society now is women staying at home, servants, or Unwomen, who are the women who are declared infertile and did not have any social status. The Unwomen are move to the colonies, which are toxic waste sites, to work, and the life expectancy there is slight than three years. The main character, Offred (Kate was her real name), is a handmaid in the Republic of Gilead. Handmaids are the few fertile women left in the United States, and are sent to households and become pregnant by the man of the house and are trained for giving birth at the Red Center. Offred is sent to a house of a powerful Commander. The Commander also has a Wife that lives in the house. The other servants in the house are Rita and Cora, the Marthas who do the cooking and housework, and Nick the chauffer, who later becomes Offreds lover. Offred is allowed to hand the house once a day to run grocery errands with a walking friend, Ofglen, who is another handmaid. Off... ...h the arranged marriages and Handmaids. He also says, Sometimes when you try to spring things better, its not better for everyone.In the movie, the reasoning is approached the same type of way. Offred tries to ask the Commander about why the government changed and he replies Nobody knew how to feel anything anymore...about respect, reverence, determine you can feel in your heart, or in your case, your womb. What the Commander says here is almost the same as what he says in the book some women could not fulfill their destinies because of how society had become corrupted. Generally, the film follows the storyline of Atwoods book quite well other than a few exceptions. The changes the movie made probably do work better just because of the fact that it is a movie. Some things are better explained in books than they could ever be explained in a movie.

Absorption and Variable Costing, Inventory Management

tightness and Variable tolling ar very important tools for cost accounting. Both of these costing methods each(prenominal)ow you to see the cost of your inventory, in a different way. For example the submergence method allows you to assign all cost to the output, mend variable costing allows only variable cost to be assigned to the growth. Inventory management is peakly important as well because it ties into efficiency and expectant your be so that your comp any(prenominal) can be as profitable as it can in operations.Throughout this paper I will discuss the magnificence of both costing methods, how it is implemented as well as using the income statement for costing. Most companies dont necessarily look at the costs of all departments they break down the departments into separate entitys called profit centers. The companies do this because by breaking down each department they can see if there be any problem areas that they should correct, involving the performance of the individual profit centers. To look at the overall orders performance, most people find it reusable to look at the income statement.However, this income statement is of little use for determining the viability of the individual business units or incisions. Instead, it is important to develop a segmented income statement for each profit center. That is why these two costing methods have been developed. One of them is based on variable costing and the other is based on absorption costing. They are costing methods because they refer to the way in which product costs are determined. Product costs are inventoried and they include direct materials, direct dig up and bash.Period costs are expensed in the period they are incurred. These are usually sell and administrative expenses or other expenses to run your company day to day. The one going between the two costing systems is situated factory overhead. Absorption costing is a costing system that assigns all manufacturing cost to the produce, including mulish factory overhead. Absorption costing includes direct materials, direct patience, variable overhead, and fixed overhead. The four costs define the cost of the product. Under absorption costing, fixed overhead is viewed as a product cost, not a period cost.Fixed overhead is assigned to the product through the use of predetermined fixed overhead rate and is not expensed until the product is sold. Absorption costing has product costs of direct materials, direct labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead. While the period costs include just selling and administrative expenses. Variable costing assigns only the variable manufacturing costs to the product these costs include direct materials, direct labor, and variable overhead. As you can see variable costing stresses the difference between fixed and variable manufacturing costs.Fixed overhead is than treated as a period expense and is excluded from the product cost. The reason for this is because fix ed overhead is a cost of staying in business. After the period is over, any benefits provided by this capacity are expired and are not inventoried. Fixed overhead of any period is than seen as expiring in that period and is charged in total against revenues for the period. The product costs for variable costing include direct materials, direct labor and variable overhead. The period costs include fixed overhead, and selling and administrative expenses. straightaway we move onto the consanguinity between the variable costing income and the absorption costing income. The relationship changes as the payoff and the sales change. If you sold more than was produced, variable costing income is greater than the absorption costing income. But if you sold more than you produced that would mean that you were selling the beginning inventory and units produced. Under the absorption method, the units that are coming out of the inventory have the fixed overhead from the period attached to the in ventory.So the amount of the fixed overhead expensed by absorption costing is greater than what the rate of flow periods fixed overhead by the amount of fixed overhead streamlined out of the inventory. The variable costing income is greater than the absorption costing by the amount of fixed overhead coming out of the beginning inventory from the current period. But if the production and the sales are equal than there is no difference between the two reported incomes. The income relationship is consider to be that if production is greater than sales than the absorption income is reater than the variable income. But if the production is less than the sales than the absorption income is less than the variable income. So than if the production equals the sales than the absorption income is also equal to the variable income. The differences between the absorption and variable costing are the recognition of when the expenses are occurred. The recognition of the expenses associated with the fixed factory overhead. With the absorption costing, the fixed factory will than be assigned to the units produced.This actually presents two problems, first, how do we convert the factory overhead applied on the basis of direct labor hours or the machine hours into factory overhead applied to the units produced? Also, what is than done when actual factory overhead does not equal applied factory overhead? Now we move onto the variable costing and the segmented income statements. The variable costing is a useful tool in preparing a segmented income statement because it gives us useful information on the variable and fixed expenses. A segment can be considered a division, department, product lines, clients class among other things.In the segmented income statements, the fixed expenses are broken down into two categories direct fixed expenses and the common fixed expenses. The additional subdivision highlights controllable versus the non-controllable costs and than enhances the man agers ability to valuate each segments contri besidesion to the overall firms performance. The direct fixed expenses are the fixed expenses that are directly traceable to a segment. They are sometimes referred to as avoidable fixed expenses, because they disappear if the segment is eliminated.Two or more segments jointly cause common fixed expenses. These expenses persist even if one of the segments to which they are common is eliminated. The segment delimitation is a profit contri barelyion that each segment makes toward covering a firms common fixed costs. The segment should be at least able to cover both of its own variable costs and direct fixed costs. A negative segment margin drags the firms total profit down. Segment income statements are useful in management decision-making. The reason so is so that you can run your company at the most efficient level, while raising your profit margin.This is a very interesting topic because it helps show the importance of inventory contro l and how it affects your operating(a) income. The inventory management is very key to a company. The reason for this is because when your costs are to high and your profit margin is too low than there is in all probability a reason of your inventory being to high or the overhead being to high. The stress of inventory management cannot be understated for many companies but especially manufacturing companies. Apart from the product cost of the inventory, there are other types of costs that relate to inventories of raw materials, work in process, and the finished goods.Inventory must be bought, received, stored, and moved. The inventory related costs include the demand for a product that is known with near certainty for a period of time. Two major costs are usually associated with this, if the inventory is purchased from an outside source, then the costs are referred to as ordering costs and carrying costs. If the product is produced internally, then the costs are called frame-up cos ts and carrying costs. Ordering costs are the costs to place and receive the order. Carrying costs are costs of keeping the inventory in your warehouse or store.There also can be a third categories, which includes stock out costs, which are the costs of not having a product available when demanded by the customer or the cost of not having a raw material available when needed for production. A company that uses these types of costing methods will definitely have a better grasp of the costs associated with their products. This will help a company become more efficient and have a better idea of which product is making the most money and which product is making the least amount of money.Yet again, this is not used for your company as a whole usually but it is used for each product individually. So if I had a red yoyo and a green yoyo and was selling a lot of each and equal than I would break them down individually between red and green and possibly see that the green yoyo is more expens ive a product and therefore I would either have to sell it at a higher prices (even though it is exactly the same product except the color), or I would have to bear selling the green yoyo and just sell the red yoyo.In order to run any type of company a manager must show extreme care to the inventory management, because you can have the best selling product on the market but if your not efficient enough with your inventory than you whitethorn put a huge damper on the future of your company and not allow your company to grow properly. I think if managers use all of these techniques they will have better understanding of there company and how to exercise the correct inventory management.

China and Europe during the Middle Ages Essay

Globalisation is not new, though. For thousands of years, people and, later, corporations retain been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries,People and corporations gravel invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalisation are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the First World fight in 1914. But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example, the volume of world trade has increased by twenty times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of unknown investment nearly doubled, from $468 one million million to $827 billion. Distingu ishing this current wave of globalisation from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalisation is further, faster, cheaper, and deeper.The current wave of globalisation has been driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and externally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly change magnitude their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment. Governments have also negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalisation, therefore, is an international industrial and financ ial business structure.Technology has been the other principal driver of globalisation. Advances in information technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors consumers, investors, businesses valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more than informed analysis of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners.Globalisation is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalisation argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and overdress their standards of living while opponents of globalisation claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the set down of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalisation has therefore tak en shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labour, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalisation.COCULSIONIn sum, most distinctive conception sees globalisation as a fundamental transformation of human geography on the eve of the twenty-first century world affairs have acquired a rapidly festering global dimension alongside the territorial framework of old. Of course and this point cannot be stressed too much it is not that territorial space has suffer wholly irrelevant in contemporary history. We live in a globalising rather than a completely globalised condition. Global spaces of the kind formed through telecommunications, transworld finance, and the analogous interrelate with territorial spaces, where locality, distance and borders still matter very much. Thus, for example, people have not while acquiring a global imagination discard their affinities for particular territorial place s. Similarly, global marketers have found on countless occasions that they need to tailor their products and promotions to local sensibilities.Globalisation is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and the governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well being in societies around the world.BIBLIOGRAPHYwww.globalisationguide.org

Agency Costs and Financial Decision-Making

Agency Costs and Financial Decision-Making The Concept An authorization relationship is a contr solve under which one or more persons (the principal(s)) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship atomic number 18 value maximizers and they may lead divergent goals and objectives, and thither is good reason to believe that the agent will not al modes act in the surmount interests of the principal (Jensen, Michael C. , and William H.Meckling. Theory of the Firm, Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Ownership Structure. journal of Financial Economics 3 (October 1976), 305-360) The concept of agency cost recognizes there atomic number 18 fundamental differences in how shareholders, managers, and even bondholders interpret their respective relationships to an organization. While they may share some uncouth goals and objectives, there is the p otential for at least(prenominal) some objectives to emerge that are focused more on individual enrichment than on the well-being of the whole.For example, managers may be more focused on mental synthesis a reputation for themselves, possibly creating their bear power bases within the structure of the larger organizations. Shareholders may become more focused on earning dividends now and slight on the future of the business. Bondholders may be concerned only with the project associated with the bond issue, and lose sight of how the overall stability of the company potentiometer give way a negative impact on the transcend earned from that bond. ( http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. tmlixzz14WVaUW4g) Agency Costs is an economic concept which is defined as the cost dumbfoundred by an entity in relation to issues like varied goals and objectives of the trouble and shareholders and information asymmetry. Self-Interested Behavior Agency theory su ggests that, in imperfect labor and capital markets, managers will examine to maximize their own utility at the expense of corporate shareholders. Agents have the ability to operate in their own self-interest rather than in the best interests of the firm because of asymmetric information (e. g. , managers know better than shareholders whether they are apable of meeting the shareholders objectives) and uncertainty (e. g. , myriad factors contri thoe to final outcomes, and it may not be seeming(a) whether the agent directly caused a given outcome, positive or negative). Evidence of self-interested managerial behavior includes the consumption of some corporate resources in the form of perquisites and the avoidance of optimal risk positions, whereby risk-averse managers bypass profitable opportunities in which the firms shareholders would prefer they invest. Outside investors recognize that the firm will make decisions contrary to their best interests.Accordingly, investors will enta ilment the prices they are willing to pay for the firms securities. (Bamberg, Giinter, and Klaus Spremann, eds. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1987). A potential agency conflict arises whenever the manager of a firm owns less than 100 percentage of the firms super acid stock. If a firm is a sole proprietorship managed by the owner, the owner-manager will undertake actions to maximize his or her own welfare. The owner-manager will probably measure utility by personal wealth, but may trade off other considerations, such as leisure and perquisites, against personal wealth.If the owner-manager forgoes a portion of his or her self-possession by selling some of the firms stock to outside investors, a potential conflict of interest, called an agency conflict, arises. For example, the owner-manager may prefer a more leisurely lifestyle and not work as vigorously to maximize shareholder wealth, because less of the wealth will now accrue to the owner-m anager. In gain, the owner-manager may decide to conduct more perquisites, because some of the cost of the consumption of benefits will now be borne by the outside shareholders. Bamberg, Giinter, and Klaus Spremann, eds. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1987. ) In the majority of large publicly traded corporations, agency conflicts are potentially quite significant because the firms managers generally own only a small percentage of the common stock. thitherfore, shareholder wealth maximization could be subordinated to an assortment of other managerial goals. For instance, managers may have a fundamental objective of maximizing the size of the firm.By creating a large, rapidly growing firm, executives increase their own status, create more opportunities for lower- and middle-level managers and salaries, and enhance their job security because an unfriendly takeover is less likely. As a result, incumbent management may survey diversification at the expense of the shareholders who can easily diversify their individual portfolios simply by buying shares in other companies. (http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. htmlixzz14WVaUW4g) Managers can be hiked to act in the stockholders best interests through incentives, constraints, and punishments.These methods, however, are effective only if shareholders can observe all of the actions taken by managers. A moral hazard problem, whereby agents take unobserved actions in their own self-interests, originates because it is infeasible for shareholders to monitor all managerial actions. To reduce the moral hazard problem, stockholders must incur agency cost. Measuring Agency Costs The idea behind assessing agency cost is to attempt to identify what impact these differences in objectives and the flow of information between the agent or manager and the shareholders is having on the overall profitability of the organization.By correctly identifying and addressi ng issues of agency cost, it is possible to minimize the influence of those factors, at least enough to lease the organization to continue moving forward, rather than running the risk of failure. Determining the agency cost normally begins with looking closely at the potential costs or risks associated with including some type of agent or manager in the organizational structure. For example, one potential risk would be the possibility that the individual who is constitute as an officer in the company could seek to use company assets for his or her own personal gain, to the detriment of the company.At the same time, agency cost withal looks at the expense involved in anticipating potential abuses of power and resources, and structuring the organization so that abuse is less likely to occur. This may include offering incentives to notice employees that promote loyalty and lessen the chance of misappropriation of resources, or structuring the accounting process so that a series of checks and balances create a separation of control, in effect preventing any one individual from having too much power within the organization. http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-an-agency-cost. htm) Agency costs are defined as those costs borne by shareholders to encourage managers to maximize shareholder wealth rather than behave in their own self-interests. The notion of agency costs is perhaps most associated with a seminal 1976 Journal of Finance paper by Michael Jensen and William Meckling, who suggested that corporate debt levels and management equity levels are both influenced by a wish to contain agency costs. There are three major types of agency costs 1) Expenditures to monitor managerial activities, such as audit costs (2) Expenditures to structure the organization in a way that will limit undesirable managerial behavior, such as appointing outside members to the board of directors or restructuring the companys business units and management hierarchy (3) Opportunity costs which are incurred when shareholder-imposed restrictions, such as requirements for shareholder votes on specific issues, limit the ability of managers to take actions that advance shareholder wealth.In the absence of efforts by shareholders to alter managerial behavior, there will typically be some loss of shareholder wealth due to inappropriate managerial actions. On the other hand, agency costs would be excessive if shareholders attempted to ensure that every managerial action conformed with shareholder interests. Therefore, the optimal amount of agency costs to be borne by shareholders is determined in a cost-benefit contextagency costs should be increased as long as each incremental dollar spent results in at least a dollar increase in shareholder wealth. (http//www. referenceforbusiness. om/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. htmlixzz14WVaUW4g) Financial decision making for dealing with agency costs There are two polar positions for dealing with shareholder-manager agency conflict s. At one extreme, the firms managers are compensated entirely on the basis of stock price changes. In this case, agency costs will be low because managers have great incentives to maximize shareholder wealth. It would be extremely difficult, however, to hire talented managers under these contractual terms because the firms earnings would be affected by economic events that are not under managerial control.At the other extreme, stockholders could monitor every managerial action, but this would be extremely costly and inefficient. The optimal solution lies between the extremes, where executive compensation is tied to achievement, but some monitoring is also undertaken. In addition to monitoring, the following mechanisms encourage managers to act in shareholders interests (1) performance-based incentive plans (2) direct intervention by shareholders (3) the threat of firing (4) the threat of takeoverMost publicly traded firms now employ performance shares, which are shares of stock gi ven to executives on the basis of performances as defined by financial measures such as earnings per share, return on assets, return on equity, and stock price changes. If corporate performance is above the performance targets, the firms managers earn more shares. If performance is below the target, however, they receive less than 100 percent of the shares. Incentive-based compensation plans, such as performance shares, are designed to satisfy two objectives.First, they offer executives incentives to take actions that will enhance shareholder wealth. Second, these plans help companies force and retain managers who have the confidence to risk their financial future on their own abilitieswhich should lead to better performance. (http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. htmlixzz14WVaUW4g) An increasing percentage of common stock in corporate America is owned by institutional investors such as insurance companies, pension funds, and mutual funds.The institu tional money managers have the clout, if they choose, to exert considerable influence over a firms operations. Institutional investors can influence a firms managers in two primary ways. First, they can meet with a firms management and offer suggestions regarding the firms operations. Second, institutional shareholders can sponsor a proposal to be voted on at the annual stockholders meeting, even if the proposal is opposed by management.Although such shareholder-sponsored proposals are nonbinding and involve issues outside day-to-day operations, the results of these votes clearly influence management opinion. (http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. htmlixzz14WVaUW4g) In the past, the likelihood of a large companys management being ousted by its stockholders was so remote that it posed little threat. This was true because the ownership of most firms was so widely distributed, and

Police Ethics Essay

For every profession, thither is an associated code of moral philosophy, which dictate the norms for the practice of that particular profession. Thus we have business ethical motive and medical ethics to guide professional in the relevant fields. These guidelines are ethical codes, based on moral reasoning, formed to deliver the good (product or service) through proper means.Some beats the codes of ethics are formed and evaluated with complaisance to relevant laws and sometimes with respect to moral laws. Police ethics is applying the above principles to policing. It should be noned here that patrol force ethics is considerably under developed compared to medical or business ethics. This is mainly because of the misunderstanding of the need of law of nature ethics. truth and ethics are different perspectives that are relevant for professions.The lifeline of law and regulate for any partnership is obviously its police force. Only when the police are seen to be righteous, the people would have respect and confidence on them. The public would be willing to cooperate and help police personnel, only when they remain believe worthy. It is therefore very important for the police personnel to command the respect and goodwill of the people, to function effectively. The public-police relationship is vital, for maintaining law and order, and this relationship behind be modify only when police conduct themselves in appropriate manner.Every police incumbent must realize that they need to be law-abiding citizens too, and serve the society with an un mensurationgained commitment and desire (Proctor, 1997). Members of the police subdivision have to adhere to a code of morality or ethics, if they have to win and retain the trust and respect of the society they serve. It is only when they act in an unfair or inappropriate manner, compromising on their responsibilities and values, that they f every last(predicate) low, in public esteem.High ranking officers in poli ce department have powers and privileges given to them, to help them to perform better in their debt instrument of service to the public. When these are misused, used with bias, or unused for reasons of ad hominem interest then they defeat the purpose for which they were established. In doing so, the relevant officers have used their power and privileges to harm the society, instead of using it to help society. Police department personnel should avoid relationships that can be interpreted as being unfair or partial.They should realize that pass judgment gifts and favors are not too faraway from direct bribes, as these too must carry a sense of gratitude and obliging. Favors particularly, keep flowing out for any police supply, either on commerce or off duty. Small time favors that dont look bad include free transport, low pricing, meals and refreshments, and home-based delivery/services. Even if the officer accepts these with a mindset of not going to oblige, or go out of the way to repay the favor, the provider of the favor expects one.It is unethical if such a gesture is not repaid. If these are unconsciously accepted at the initial stages, an urge to receive more, gradually develops, which soon gets transformed as a right to receive. The community and police service expect law enforcement personnel to lead a honorable and decent life. Inappropriate conduct in private life, disrespecting the law or pursuit special privileges reflect appropriately, not only on the officer but the police service as a whole.Police officers need to refrain from accepting such favors in the course of executing their duty. Most department members do not hesitate to seek favors directed towards cutting departmental expenses on closely occasions. This looks normal to the police higher officials too, as they are under instruction to reduce expenditures. Sometimes they whitethorn have received administrative orders too, saying that cover or replacement would take time, or ca nnot be done till the close of the financial year.Such policies only encourage the relevant police staff to look to external free sources. These include repair and maintenance of their premises, small stationary requirements, convict unavoidably etc. It is unfortunate that no one indoors the government machinery is either aware or realize the negative consequences of such policies. These officers need to realize the extent of public participation in law enforcement, in accordance with binding ethics. Even in their interaction with their own suppliers, the department can be eudaimoniaed with higher quality and lower costs, when the officers concerned stand up to the same without accepting favors.There are several ways to benefit, directly or indirectly, from unethical conduct. A twisted officer can develop opportunities of benefit from any and every situation. It requires a honest and duty bound officer to turn down benefit aspects and execute the job. Honest and straightforward o fficers carry with them the credibility of their department. It requires self-commitment and voluntary adoption of ethics to perform in a manner worthy of public respect. It is indeed sad that many police officers have favorite(a) to amass wealth through their disrespect of integrity.As these officers are mostly part of the law enforcement machinery, they often get away unchecked. The only way such tainted officers can be reformed is by self-judgment and choice, rather than external enforcement. Although there are several such dishonest and corrupt policemen, it is only those few, who keep values and ethics once morest all adversities, that the department still commands respect and trust. The code of ethics helps police officers to make decisions in dilemma situations, on a day-to-day basis.The ethics toolkit issued by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, emphasizes on the dos and donts of the police, with regard to legal and ethical conduct. It identifies accounta bility as the duty of all officers to truthfully acknowledge and explain their actions and decisions when requested to do so by an authorized member of this agency without deception or subterfuge. Although the toolkit does not bar police officials from receiving gifts and other items of value, it emphasizes that those receiving unsolicited gifts and items should report the receipt of such things.If required, they should also provide a detailed report of the circumstances under which they were received. Officers should also not buy or keep articles or properties found, impounded, recovered or abandoned. Police officers, through their position in law enforcement, gain access to information which again should not be used for financial gains or benefits. An important misuse of police power is when they use their powers to resolve personal problems (i.e. problems and issues of the police officer or his friends and relatives). Officers should not involve themselves in ordinary functions like arresting, booking traffic violations, etc., when they are not traveling in a marked police vehicle.The duty of a law enforcement officer is primarily to be in self-compliance with the law, himself. The officer should be aware of law enforcements upon himself, when he is on duty, enforcing it. The officer should realize that his posture in the force and the force itself has been established in line with the community welfare aspirations. Whether the officer is engaged at the local, state or federal level, he plays a role in enforcing the community or public will, a will of safety, security and equality of all.Through all his actions, the officer should defend this remains and be careful not to encroach upon it. The law enforcement officer should use his powers to arrest offenders, only in accord with all existing laws (IIT, 2008). At time of arresting, the officer should respect the rights of the offender. In executing the arrest, the officer should only use the minimum physi cal force necessary. The officer needs to conduct himself with respect to self-compliance, to incite the law, when dealing with both, law abiders and law violators.It is evident that police officers, who are properly educated and trained, are able to respond better to ethical and moral situations demanded by their professions. It is very important for police officers to be able to overcome their moral and ethical dilemmas, for them to perform their duties and obligations in a professional way (Pagon, 2003). The police officer should be familiar with the principles of police ethics and needs to be trained in moral reasoning and ethics based decision-making. Supervisors have an important role in establishing and promoting the spirit of the code of ethics. They should be role models in the communitys effort of delivering impartial, effective and professional policing service.The supervisors should ensure that individuals under their guidance and responsibility develop their professio nal performance. They should question and address behaviors which violate conduct codes, apart from reporting wherever appropriate (NIPB, 2007). The supervisors responsibility of maintaining professional standards and integrity can be facilitated by advice, corrective or appropriate action. When complaints of misconducts are brought by public, the supervisor must investigate and take appropriate actions. He should mail a message that there would be no compromise on any actions by any staff that are directed to personal interests.The police officers of today face a tough challenge of maintaining law and order in the society like never before. The enforcement officers of today combat crimes, law and order situations and risks that were not relevant ever before. Life style changes, technological developments and international relevance for all happenings, have made the job tougher. There is no enquiry that for the compromising officer, such situations open up newer avenues of quick m oney and wealth. But for the honest officer, he would be without all such illegal benefits.Tainted officers may go free, enjoy their ill-gotten wealth but it is the money earned by honest means that give the satisfaction and peace of mind. Apart from satisfaction, there is an immense sense of self-value, that one would cherish forever. Living on legitimate earnings, is in several ways, a pride to the family and the community, to which the officer belongs. An honest officer needs no certificate. He is easily identified and respected by the public and his very own colleagues. The most capable and respectful officer is perhaps one, who can say each day to himself I dont fall for money or favors.REFERENCESProctor S.T. 1997. Metropolitan Police Department Ethics and Integrity. Electronic Version retrieved on 24th March 2008 from http//www.dcwatch.com/police/971215.htmInternational Association of Chiefs of Police (2002) Ethics Toolkit Electronic Version retrieved on 25th March 2008 from h ttp//www.theiacp.org/profassist/ethics/model_policy.htmIllinois Institute of Technology CSEP (2008) Canons of police ethics Electronic Version retrieved on 25th March 2008 fromhttp//ethics.iit.edu/codes/coe/int.assoc.chiefs.police.canons.htmlPagon M. (2003) Police ethics and integrity Electronic Version retrieved on 26th March 2008 from http//www.police-studies.com/papers/police-ethics-integrity.pdfNorthern Ireland Policing Board (2007) Code of ethics for the police service of Northern Ireland integrity Electronic Version retrieved on 26th March 2008 from http//www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/nipb_ethics.pdf

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Disease

Non- Hodgkins Lymphoma or NHLs ar a heterogenous group of tailcers that originate from the neoplastic growth of lymphoid tissue. As in CLL, the neoplastic kiosks ar thought to arise from a single cl i of lymphocytes however, in NHL, the cadres may vary morphologically. Most NHLs involve cancerous B lymphocytes only 5% involve T lymphocytes. In contrast to Hodgkins disease, the lymphoid tissues involved are largely infiltrated with malignant cells. The scattering of these malignant lymphoid cells pass bys unpredictably, and true localized disease is uncommon. Lymph nodes from multiple sites may be infiltrated, as may sites outside the lymphoid system (extra nodal tissue).The incidence of NHL has increased dramatically over the past decade it is now the fourth most common type of cancer diagnosed in the United States and the fifth most common fetch of cancer death. The incidence increases with each decade of life the average age at diagnosis is 50 to 60 years old.Although no c ommon etiologic factor has been identified, there is an increased incidence of NHL in people with immunodeficiencies or autoimmune disorders, viral infections including Epstein- Barr virus and HIV, or exposure to pesticides, solvents, dyes, helicobacter pylori, human T cell leukemia, and hepatitis C virus. Researchers besides say that obesity could be one of the risk factors of having Non- Hodgkins lymphoma and those whose occupation involves chemicals and herbicides. Prognosis varies greatlyamong the various types of NHL. Long end point excerpt more than 10 years is commonly achieved in low- grade, localized lymphomas. Even with aggressive disease forms, cure is possible in at least one third of patients who receive aggressive handlings.Symptoms are highly vari adequate to(p), reflecting the diverse nature of these diseases. With early- make up disease, or with the types that are considered more indolent, symptoms may be virtually hit or very minor, and the illness typically is not diagnosed until it progresses to a later academic degree, when the patient is more symptomatic. At these stages III or IV, lymphadenopathy is noticeable. One third of patients suck in B symptoms like recurrent fever, drenching night sweats, and unintentional weight loss of 10% or more.Non- Hodgkins lymphoma usually begins with the presence of one or more swollen lymph nodes on the side of the neck, collarbone, and under the arms. The most common sites for lymphadenopathy are the cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal nodes, involvement of the iliac or inguinal nodes or spleen is more than less common. A mediastinal mass maybe seen on the chest x- ray occasionally, the mass is large enough to compress the trachea and cause dyspnea. Pruritus is common it can be extremely distressing, and the cause is unknown. Approximately 20% of patients experience brief scarcely severe pain after drinking alcohol.All organs are vulnerable to invasion of NHL. The symptoms result from c ompression of organs by the tumor, such as cough and pulmonary effusion, jaundice from hepatic involvement or impudence duct obstruction, abdominal pain fromSplenomegaly or retroperitoneal adenopathy, or bone pain which is from skeletal involvement. Herpes zoster infections are common. A cluster of constitutional symptoms has authorized prognostic implications. A mild anemia is the most common hematologic finding. The WBC ascertain may be elevated or decreased. The platelet count is suppressing hematopoiesis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate or ESR and the serum copper level are used by some clinicians to assess disease activity.The veritable diagnosis of NHL is categorized into a highly complex classification system based on histopathology, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetic analyses of the malignant cells. The specific histopathologic type of the disease has meaning(a) prognostic implications. Treatment also varies and is based on these features. Indolent or less aggressive types tend to have small cells and are distributed in a follicular pattern. Aggressive types tend to have large or immature cells distributed through the nodes in a diffuse pattern. Staging, also an important factor is typically based on data obtained from CT scans, bone marrow biopsies, and occasionally cerebrospinal fluid analysis.The stage is based on the site of disease and its spread to other sites. For example, in stage 1 disease is highly localized and may respond well to localize therapy like radiation therapy. In contrast, stage IV disease is detected in at least one extra nodal site. Although low- grade lymphomas may not require treatment until the disease progresses to a later stage, historically they have also been relatively unresponsive to treatment in that most therapeutic modalities did not improve overall survival. More aggressive types of NHL likeLymphoblastic lymphoma and Burkitts lymphoma require prompt initiation of chemotherapy however, these types tend to be more responsive to treatments.Treatment is based on the actual classification of disease, the stage of disease, prior treatment, and the patients ability to tolerate therapy. If the disease is not an aggressive form and is truly localized, radiation alone may be the treatment of choice. With aggressive types of NHL, aggressive combinations of chemotherapeutic agents are given even in early stages.More intermediate radiation therapy for stage 1 and II disease. The biological agent interferon has been approved for the treatment of follicular low- grade lymphomas, and an antibody to CD20, rituximab (Rituxan), has been effective in achieving partial responses in patients with recurrent low- grade lymphoma. Studies of this agent in combination with naturalized chemotherapy have demonstrated an improvement in survival as well. Central nervous system involvement is also common with some aggressive forms of NHL in this situation, cranial radiation or intrathecal chemotherapy is used in add ition to systemic chemotherapy. Treatment after relapse is controversial.Much is known about the long term effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, primarily from the large numbers of people who were cured of by these treatments. The various complications are immune dysfunction, herpes infections, pneumococcal sepsis, acute myeloid leukemia or AML, Myelodysplastic syndrome or MDS, solid tumors, thyroid cancer, thymic hyperplasia, hypothyroidism,Pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, pneumonotis, avascular necrosis, growth retardation, infertility, impotence and dental caries.Aside from radiation therapy and chemotherapy, there are also stem cell transplantation, biologic therapy and radio immunotherapy. To diagnose Non-Hodgkins lymphoma with a patient, a nurse or a wellness perplexity professional should do physical testing and anamnesis or a family history of the patient which could present the possibilities that he or she could have NHL.Most of the care for patients with Non- Hodgk ins disease is performed in the outpatient setting, unless complications occur like infection, respiratory compromise due to mediastinal mass. For patients who require treatment, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are most commonly used. Chemotherapy cause systemic side effects like myelosuppression, nausea, vibrissa loss, risk for infection, whereas the side effects from radiation therapy are specific to the area being irradiated. For example, patients receiving abdominal radiation therapy may experience nausea and diarrhea but not hair loss. Regardless of the type of treatment, all patients may experience fatigue.The risk of infection is significant in patients, not only from treatment colligate myelosuppression but also from the defective immune response that results from the disease itself. Patients need to be taught to minimize the risk for infection, to recognize signs of possible infection, and to contact the health care professional should such signs develops.Many lymphoma s can be cured with current treatments. However, as survival rates increase, the incidence of second malignancies, particularly AML or MDs, also increases. Therefore, survivors should be screened regularly for the development of second malignancies.The nurse should instruct the patient to stay away from strenuous activities. He should always have the time to make water adequate rest. And the nurse should encourage the patient to dispense medications religiously, increase fluid intake. The patient should be instructed to keep himself from any injuries and falls. The nurse should raise side complain if the patient it admitted in a hospital. The family should also be instructed to just keep on showing some support towards the patient. Hhould always rie and falls. he patient to take medications religiously, increase fluid intake. the uld always have the time to get adequate rest. an trenous . g NOn- could have NHL. amination and anamnesis or a family historHaving Non-Hodgkins lymphom a is not that good. Patients are sometimes emotionally disturbed especially if they are working and they are the ones supporting their respective families. They would also think of the payments in the electricity, hospital bills and medication. Whenever patients asked something about his/ her condition, the health care professional should be able to answer it to help the patient alleviate worrying. The patient and his/ her family should be given support groups for counseling and for them to be able to express their emotions towards the current situation they are in.h care professional should be able to answer it to ent. ng whenever swollen lymphnodes areReferences1 Cavalli, F. (1998). Rare syndromes in Hodgkins and Non- Hodgkins. Annals of Oncology. 9 (Suppl. 5), S109- S113.2. Coiffer, B. (2002). Rituximab in the treatment of diffuse large B- cell lymphomas. Seminars in Oncology, 29 (1, Suppl. 2), 30- 35.3. Porth, C. M. (2002). Pathophysiology Concepts of altered health states (6th Ed.). Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.4. Skeel, R. (Ed.). (1999). Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy (5th Ed.).Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins5. Smeltzer, Suzanne, and Brenda G. Bare. Medical- operative Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.

General Banking Perspectives: Dhaka Bank Ltd

1. Introduction Commercial camber implies that money boxs devote most of their resources to meeting the pecuniary needs of business firms. This mental institution offers the reality both bank and point of reference ser infirmitys as well as a growing list of newer and more innovating services, such as investment advice, certificate underwriting, and fiscal planning. In recent age financial institutions have diversified themselves to satisfy consumers and units of government around the world.The result is the emergence of a financial institution that has been c every last(predicate)ed a financial part store because it satisfies the broadest range of financial services needs in the global economy. The importance to commercial message trusting comp separatelys may be mensural in a good knock over of ways. public treasurys ar still the principal means of making salarys, through the checking bank notes, credit cards, and electronic funds transfer services they offer. lingos atomic physical body 18 important because of their ability to create m cardinaly from purposeless reserves make available from the publics deposits.The banking system push aside take a given volume of excess interchange reserves and, by making loans and investment, generate a multiple amount of credit. Bangladesh is developing country. After liberalization, we achieve a lamentable economic harvesting in last tierce decades. This is because of number of micro and macro factors as density of people. Bangladesh is a place where we see lack of proper education and poor political stability. Political instability is the major factor in Bangladesh that makes a vital hazard to achieve the economic growth.All of above, banking industry brings a little patch hope that brook be a better flavor to accelerate the economic growth in our country. This is the altogether sector (e peculiarly private banking) that get downting a continuous develops from last two decades. One of t he aims of this study involves the focus on The General money boxing Practice of capital of Bangladesh vernacular Ltd, Halishahar kickoff. An new(prenominal) aim of this radical is to point out how management of the bank can consummate better and provide better service to the thickenings. 2. Methodology Different data and in orchestrateation ar required to meet the goal of this report.Those data and incourseation were collected from various sources, such as, primary and secondary which is showed on a lower floor Primary data were collected from ? looking at to face conversations with the employees at various fields. ? Personal immerseviewing and interacting customers. ? Observing various organizational procedures. ? Customers response from questions. Secondary data were collected from ? Internet and one-year report of capital of Bangladesh argot Limited. ? Progress report/ Statement affairs and bank Rate sheet of the desire. ? Several kinds of Academic test- set aside and training sheet. Different publications computeing banking functions and foreign-exchange operation. ? anterior look into report on this Bank. 3. Scope The scope of the research covers the General Banking readings of capital of Bangladesh Bank Limited. The report focuses on the general banking practices in general, how it is implemented in capital of Bangladesh Bank Limited. 4. Limitation of the study The present study was not out of terminus ad quems. From the beginning to rarity, the study has been completed sincerely and carefully. But some problem arises from conducting the study.During the study it was not possible to visit the whole area covered by the banks although the financial statements and other information regarding the study have been covered. Some limitation are given stated below- 1. The main constraint of the study is insufficiency of information, which was required for the study. There are various information that the bank employee cant provide overdue to security and other corporate obligations. 2. Due to time limitations m each of the aspects could not be discussed in the present report. 3.Every organization has their own secrecy that is not revealed to others. succession collecting data through interviewing the employees, they did not disclose much information for the sake of the confidentiality of the organization. 5. Background of capital of Bangladesh Bank capital of Bangladesh Bank Limited is one of the premier and top ranked private banks in Bangladesh. The bank was established in the year 1995 as some veteran and well established businessmen grouped together and worked sincerely to establish this bank. The bank was incorporated as a public exceptional company under the companies act 1994.The founder of the bank was Mr. Mirza Abbas Uddin Ahmed who was also the former advisor of the bank. The Head Office of the bank is set at Biman Bhaban 1st floor, 100 Motijheel C/A, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. The bank started its very ro ot journey on July 5th 1995 with an authorized capital of Tk. 1000 million and a paid up capital of Tk. 100 million. Since the inception of the bank the bank made phenomenal growth in terms of operation, business and good exit. As of March 31st 2010 the banks paid up capital stood at Tk. ,659,597,800 and the total equity (capital and reserves) stood up at Tk. 6,036,368,754. The bank currently has 62 fully operational break upes all over the country, 3 SME Service Centers, 6 CMS Units, 2 Offshore Units, and one CPZ (central processing office) which is laid in BGMEA building Karwan Bazar , Dhaka Bangladesh As an integral part of their commitment to Excellence in Banking, Dhaka Bank now offers the full range of real-time online banking service through its all branches, ATMs and Internet Banking Channels.Dhaka Bank Ltd is the preferred choice in banking for friendly and personalized services, cutting edge technology, tailored solutions for business need, global reach in trade and com merce and high up yield on investments. 5. 1. The Mission of Dhaka Bank Limited- To be the premier financial institution in the country providing high quality products and services backed by latest technology and a extremely motivated squad of personnel to deliver Excellence In Banking. 5. 2. The Vision of Dhaka Bank Limited- At Dhaka Bank, we draw our inspiration from the distant stars.Our team is committed to assure a standard that makes all banking consummation a pleasurable experience. Our endeavour is to offer you razor sharp sparkle through true statement , reliability , timely delivery , cutting edge technology and tailored solution for business needs, global reach in trade and commerce and high yield on your investment . 5. 3 The Goal of Dhaka Bank Limited- Our people, products and processes are aligned to meet the demand of our discerning customers. Our goal is to achieve a distinction like the luminaries in the sky.Our Dhaka Objective is to deliver a quality that dem onstrates a true reflection of our vision Excellence in Banking. 6 General Banking General banking creates a vital link between customers and bank. Its really a classic as crucial division for the bank. It is the introductory spark offment of the bank to its customers. The Dhaka Bank Ltd, Halishahar branch has all the required sections of general banking. Every day it receives deposits from customers and meets their demands for cash by honoring instruments. General banking section is that plane section which is mostly exposed to the maximum number of bank customer. . 1 Different Departments of General Banking It has five major parts in the branch to perform. The sections are i. mark affording section ii. Cheque clear iii. funds iv. Remittance v. studys section 6. 2 Different Types of Customers/ Account Holder Any one can surface an storey in Dhaka Bank Ltd. if he is capable of entering a valid contract and a banker is satisfied his confide and giveing to inter into the requisite business relation with him. So any one of the following types of customers can open distinguish- i. Individual ( personal ) ii. Joint iii. Proprietorship ( sole traders / registered or unregistered ) v. Joint stock companies ( private/ public ltd. companies) 6. 3 Account Opening and Dispatch Department Account opening is the gateway to the bank. The consanguinity between a banker and its customer begins with the opening of an deem by the customer. For this, account opening is considered the most important function of a commercial bank. All banks primarily maintain a separate department to open accounts. The function of accounts opening department can be classified into the following three categories 1. Supplying various accounts related information to the customers. 2. Opening of account and . Issuing chip books and ATM lineup. Supplying various accounts related information to the customers When a customer comes to open an account with a bank, s/he needs to be info rmed about various information relating to account opening. Account opening department enthusiastically provides necessary information to the customer. Following information is supplied to the customer depending on their requirements Type of accounts maintained by the bank Requirements/ required formalities for opening each type of accounts Eligibility to open an account etc. Types of accounts maintained by DBLAccounts based on operations as under Current Account (CD A/C) Short Term alluviation Account (STD A/C) savings Bank Account (SB A/C) Fixed dethronement Receipt Account (FDR A/C) Accounts based on Nature of Customers as under Single/Individual Account Joint individual Account Sole Trader/ Proprietorship Account Partnership Account Company Account etc. savings accounts are opened for single/individual and joint individual customer. Business organizations/enterprises are not allowed to open savings account. 6. 4 Requirements/Necessary formalities for opening each t ype of accounts ? Single/Individual Savings Bank Accounts Introduction of customer (Must be both by an account carrier (SB/CD A/C) or an employee of the bank. Photographs-Two copies (attested by the Introducer) turn back of valid passport/Citizenship Certificate from Chairman or cover commissioner/Certificate from the employee of the bank. Add Transaction write Signature on Money laundering Circular ? Joint Individual Account No redundant requirements/formalities other than the Single/Individual Savings Bank Accounts. ? Single Individual/Joint Individual CD A/C Requirements/Formalities as like as SB A/C, take out here introducer must be a CD A/C toter of the bank. Proprietorship CD A/C Introduction of the customer (Must be by a CD A/C account carrier or an employee of the bank. Photographs- (Two Copies) of the proprietor. Valid Trade License. Company Seal. Photocopy of valid passport of the proprietor/Citizenship/ Certificate from Chairman or Ward commissioner/Certi ficate from the employee of the bank. Add Transaction Profile Signature on Money laundering Circular Signature on KYC form ? Partnership CD A/C Introduction of the partner in crimes (Must be by a CD A/C account holder or an employee of the bank. Photographs- (Two Copies) of every partner. Valid Trade License. Seal. Date of incorporation. Photocopy of valid passport of the proprietor/Citizenship Certificate or Identity Certificate from Chairman or Ward commissioner/Certificate from the employee of the bank. Partnership Letter. Add Transaction Profile Each partners Signature on Money laundering Circular Each partners Signature on KYC form ? Limited Company A/C Introduction (Must be by a CD A/C account holder or an employee of the bank Photographs- (Two Copies) Valid Trade License Company Seal Resolution of the Company on companys letterhead certify and attested copy (attested by MD or Chairman) of Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association Certified and attested copy of Certificate of incorporation List of Directors Photocopy of valid passport/Citizenship Certificate or Identity Certificate from Chairman or Ward commissioner/Certificate from the employee of the bank. Add Annexure E Identification of Directors and Authorized Signatories Annexure D Directors Signature on KYC form Transaction Profile 6. Eligibility to open an account Anyone capable of entering into a valid contract can open an account with the bank. A minor can also open an account under guardianship or alone if s/he is at least 12 historic period old. But a minor is not allowed to open a current account. Lunatic, Insolvent person/Drunker/Liquidator/Any other individual or organization by law cannot open an account with bank. 6. 6 Accounts Opening of Customers with the Bank Opening of an account involves certain formalities, which varies according to varied types of accounts as well as various categories of customers.The bank supplies following printed forms du ring opening an account of a customer o Account opening Form o Specimen Signature greenback o Deposit Slip o Cheque Book Requisition Slip o KYC Profile Form o Transaction Profile Form Customers are requested to read all the focusings carefully and thence fill up the forms properly. Account opening incumbent must have to check all the forms or documents i. e. whether the customer punctually signs them where necessary as well as introducer must introduce the customer by putting signature in the space provided on the account opening form.After completion of all the formalities by the customer, Dhaka bank officials have to perform the following functions chronologically Scrutinizing account opening form and Specimen signature card Getting the approval of accounts by authorized officer Putting account number on the form Putting entry in the account opening register Posting all the account information in the computer Issuing a cheque book Maintaining all relevant papers/docum ents in separate file in the name of the every account holder Sending the specimen signature card to the cash department Sending a thanks giving letter to the New account openers address Maintaining all relevant papers/documents in separate file in the name of the every account holder 6. 7 Issuing of a Cheque BookA cheque book is issued to the customer at the time of the account opening or may by issued aft(prenominal) 2-3 days from account opening. And additional cheque book is issued at the request of the customer according to his/her necessity. Followings are the formalities during publicise a cheque book Getting the cheque book requisition slip signed by the account holder By verifying the signature, issuing the cheque book Writing down the account number on each leaf of the cheque book Making entry to the cheque issue register Supplying the cheque book to the account holder after getting proper acknowledgement from the account holderInland Remittance Department Remitt ance Department This department deals with transfer of money from one place to some other place. Remittance can be classified as inland remittance and foreign remittance however, remittance department mainly deals with inland remittance kind of than foreign remittance. Instruments used for inland remittance as under o Pay assemble (P. O) o bespeak Draft (DD) o telegraphic transportation (TT) Pay Order A Pay Order is a written order on a specific instrument i. e. generally called Block issued by a bank to pay a certain sum of money to specific person, Organization or a bank.It is called bankers cheque, as it is issued by a bank as well as drawn upon on a bank. Issuance of Pay Order issuance of pay order involves following stairs ? Upon requests of customer, bank supplies prescribed application form ? Applicant has to provide detailed particulars of him/herself-importance as well as beneficiary or receiver of the Pay Order ? Total amount of the P. O must be written both in words and in figures in the space provided ? Credit vouchers are hustling one for commission and another for VAT ? Now customer is requested to deposit the P.O amount along with VAT and Commission charges to the cash department ? Cash department releases the application form with authorized signature and cash received seal ? Now Pay Order is written on block which has three parts First part is retained by the issuing bank, Second part is for customer and Third part is for the beneficiary of the Pay Order ? In this stage all the information is entered into the P. O register Payment or Encashment of Pay Order Issuing bank makes payment of Pay Order upon monstrance through clearing house. When the P.O does not consist of discrepancies, necessarily the proceeds of Pay Order is credited to the account of payee/beneficiary. However, before making payment of P. O, the signature of issuing officer is verified and date of payment is put down in the Pay Order issue register. Demand Draft A Dema nd Draft, which is traditionally called DD. A DD is a written order on a specific instrument of one branch of a bank upon another branch of the same bank to pay a certain sum of money to or to the order of a specified person or of a specified organization. In practice DD is not issued between two branches within the same city.Issuance of Demand Draft Issuance of DD involves following steps ? Customer is asked to fill up a form in specific form provided by bank which is also treated as a voucher ? Commission and Charges are also mentioned in the form ? Two credit vouchers one for commission and another for VAT is stapled with the form ? Customer pays cash in the cash department with relevant vouchers ? Cash dept. receives cash and delivers vouchers after completing necessary formalities ? Now DD is prepared in a block Branch-wise accompanying number is given on the bill of exchange ? The draft number is written on the voucher ? Draft block and voucher along with the register are se nt to the officer in charge for checking and then sent to manager/Second in charge of the branch for authorization ? The draft may be crossed if customer desires and finally delivered to him/her against initial or acknowledgement on the voucher Payment of Demand Draft After receiving the DD, the drawer branch checks the date, amount both in words and figures and signature. In crusade of Test DD, Test number must be reconciled before payment.And then DD is cancelled and payment date is noted in the register. If the DD is crossed, the payment is made through clearing house. Telegraphic Transfer In case of Telegraphic Transfer, which in brief is called TT, an applicant has to fill up prescribed form supplied by bank to inform all the particulars about the sender as well as the receiver/beneficiary of the TT. Besides, following points should be checked in this regard ? Full name of the beneficiary and his account number if the instruction here is credit to beneficiarys account, or full address if instruction is there to advise & pay ?Commission and Telegram charge are recovered from customer ? A cost memo has to prepare for customer in this regard containing the amount of TT, commission and Telegram charges ? Customer has to deposit cash in the cash department along with voucher and application ? Remittance depart finally checks all the particulars viz. name of the beneficiary, account number of the beneficiary, name of the bank, name of the branch and mode of payment etc. ? Each and every TT must be Tested whatever the amount of TT ?Authorized officer then send the TT message through Telex/ send for ? The issuing branch also sends a TT confirmation advice to the drawer branch and one copy is retained by the branch Payment of Telegraphic Transfer (TT) The payment of TT is paid only when TT test numbers reconcile. TT receiving branch maintains TT message receiving memo. On agreement of Test, the serial number of TT is entered in the TT payable register. The issuin g branch informs if any number is mismatched or omitted. Two vouchers are prepared in this regard as underDBL General A/C****** Branch-Dr. Bills Payable A/C.. (TT payable)-Cr. The TT amount is then credited to the beneficiarys account if the beneficiary/receiver of the TT is an account holder of the branch otherwise a Pay Order is issued if the beneficiary/receiver of TT is an account holder of another bank. 6. 8 Clearing Section According to the Article 37(2) of Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, the banks, which are the member of the clearinghouse, are called as Scheduled Banks. The plan banks clear the cheque drawn upon one another through the clearinghouse.This is an arrangement by the central bank where everyday the representative of the member banks gathers to clear the cheque. Banks for credit of the proceeds to the customers accounts accept Cheque and other similar instruments. The bank receives many such instruments during the day from account holders. Many of these instruments are drawn payable at other banks. If they were to be presented at the drawer banks to collect the proceeds, it would be necessary to employ many messengers for the purpose. Similarly, there would be many cheque drawn on this the messengers of other banks would present bank and them at the counter.The whole process of collection and payment would involve considerable labor, delay, risk and expenditure. All the labor, Risk, delay and expenditure are substantially reduced, by the representatives of all the banks meeting at a specified time, for exchanging the instruments and arriving at the net position regarding recognise or payment. The place where the banks meet and simmer down their dues is called the Clearinghouse. Activities of the Section (a) Preparation of Clearing Out shield and Inward Lodgment and record maintenance of the same. (b) Batch posting as and when required. On receipt of instruments, the same is endorsed here.Then clearing section depart sent IBDA to head Office for clearing purpose and on receipt of IBCA from Head Office amount is credited to customers account and vice versa. If the instrument is return then the same is given back to the customer. 6. 9 Collection Section Checks, drafts etc. are drown on bank located outside clearing house are sent for collection. Motijheel Branch collects its clients above-mentioned instruments from other branches of DBL and branches other than DBL. In case of out ward bills for collection customers account is credited after finishing the collection processor.And in case of in ward bills customers account is debited for this purpose. So it places dual role as follows i) Collecting Banker ii) Paying Banker. Activities of the Section Collection is done when (i) Paying Bank is located out side Dhaka city. (ii) Paying Bank is other branches of DBL situated inside Dhaka City. i) Paying Bank is outside Dhaka City Collection department of Motijheel Branch (Principal Branch), DBL sends outward bills for collecti on (OBC) to the concerned paying bank to get inter Bank Credit Advice (IBCA) from paying Bank.If the paying bank dishonors the instrument, the same is returned to principal Branch. ii) The Paying Bank of their own branches inside Dhaka City Collection Department sends transfer delivery item to other branches of same bank situated inside Dhaka City. Upon receiving IBCA customers a/c is credited. Procedures for Outward Bills for Collection 6. 10 Accounts Section In banking business exertions are done every day and these transactions are to be recorded properly and systematically as the banks deal with the depositors money.Any deviation in proper recording may hamper public confidence and the bank has to suffer a lot. Improper recording of transactions will lead to the mismatch in the debit side and credit side. To avoid these mishaps, the bank provides a separate department whose function is to check the mistakes in passing vouchers or wrong entries or fraud or forgery. This departme nt is called Accounts Department. Besides these, the branch has to prepare some infixed statements as well as some statutory statements, which are to be submitted to the Central Bank and the Head Office.This department prepares all these statements. Functions of Accounting Department We can divide the functions of accounting department into two categories. One is day-to-day task and another is effectical task. a. Day to day functions Here day-to-day function refers to the every day tasks. Accounting department of DBL performs the following day to day functions b. Periodical functions Periodical functions of accounts department include the preparation of different weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly and annual statement.The accounts department prepares the following statements etc. 6. 11 Cash Section Cash section is a very sensitive organ of the branch and handle with extra care. feat of this section begins at the start of the banking hour. Cash officer begins his/her transact ion with taking money from the vault, known as the opening cash sleep. Vault is kept in a much secured room. Keys to the room are kept under control of cash officer and branch in charge. The amount of opening cash balance is entered into a register.After whole days transaction, the bare money remain in the cash counter is put back in the vault and known as the closing balance. Money is received and paid in this section. 6. 11. 1 Cash Receipt 6. 11. 2. Cash Payment 6. 12 Conclusion Bank is the largest organization of mobilizing surplus domestic savings. Attractive Savings objects are offered by DBL such as Contri thoory Savings Scheme, Monthly Benefit Deposit Scheme, Special Deposit Scheme, grooming Savings Scheme, Fixed Deposit Scheme, Dhaka Bank Money Scheme, Dhaka Bank Insured Fixed Deposit Scheme as well as different accounts to save money.Schemes are designed concentrating in different purposes to help the fixed income group people to help in need. Bank-Officials are also wh ole-hearted and dedicate to serve their customer with utmost care. 7. Online Branch Banking The Bank has set up a Wide Area Network (WAN) across the country to provide online branch banking facility to its valued clients. Under the Scheme,clients of any branch shall be able to do banking transaction at other branches of the bank. Under this system a client will to be able to o following type of transactions Cash disengagement from his/her account atanybranchof the Bank no matter of location. Cash deposit in his/her account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. Cash deposit in others account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. Transfer of money from his/her account with any branch of the Bank. Any amount can be deposited or transferred under Dhaka Line.In the system, however, at present there is a limit for cash invite outal through bearer or by account holder himself. Terms & Conditions of Online Branch Banking Service ONLINE BRANCH BANKING SER VICE is designed to serve its valued clients. Under this system, you shall be able to do the following type of transactions Cash withdrawal from your account at any branch of the Bank Deposit in your account at any Branch of the Bank. Transfer of money from your account to any other account with any Branch of the Bank Transaction Limit Maximum ceiling of cash withdrawal by self is Tk. 10,00,000/- (ten lac) only per transaction Maximum ceiling of cash withdrawal by third party (bearer) per transaction is below Tk Only (please mention the limit you wand to place). Cash deposit/transferby online transaction is unlimited Online Transaction Membership Fee Membership fee isTk. 50/- per month for the Online Branch Banking Service. Charges for Online Transaction There will be no charge for transaction within the city where the account is domiciled Fee Tk. 7/- will be realized from the customers account for each remote transaction (inter-city)for amount up to Tk. 1, 00,000 (one lac). Fee at the rate of 0. 075% will be realized from the customers account for each remote transaction of amount more than Tk. 1,00,000 (one lac). Who can get this service The Clients who has account in Dhaka bank or who will open account in Dhaka bank and would be interested to maintain substantial deposits in Savings, Current or STD accounts, will be eligible to get Dhaka Line Service.How one can get this service Intending and eligible clients have to apply in prescribed application form to their branch (where account is maintained) to get the online service from the bank. The client should submit two copies photographs and signature cards alongwith the application form. To avail the Dhaka Line service, no charge should be paid for online transaction within a locality where the account is domiciled. But charges should be paid by the customer for inter city online transaction When a account will be activated for onlineWithin 15 days from the date of submission application a account w ill be activated for online service Dhaka Bank Limited obtained Principal Membership of Master-Card International in the month of May 1999. Within a period of 6 months, the bank successfully launched Master Card-Credit Card which created a new dimension in its customer service and consumer financing. The Special feature of the Dhaka Bank Master Card is that its bears the card holders photo on the card, which is the first of its kind in Bangladesh and adds security against misuse.Dhaka Bank Limited issues 4 types of cards. These are Gold topical anesthetic & International and Silver Local & International. Local cards can be used in Bangladesh only. 7. 1 Followings are the main feature of MasterCard Credit Dhaka Bank Ensure luxuriously Level of Securityby inserting your Photograph on the Card. 20 to 50 days credit form the date of transaction. When you receive your monthly statement, you can either choose to pay in full or just minimum due amount shown on the statement. No intere st is charged if you pay in full within payment due date. 24 hours a day, 365 days worldwide service. No joining/administrative fees. waiver of annual fees for International Card If you accumulate 20,000 Dhaka Bank Bonus acme for your Gold Card or, 10,000 Bonus Point for your Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees( $ 1 procure 1 Bonus). Waiver of annual fee for Local Card If you accumulate 10,000 Dhaka Bank Bonus Point for your Gold Card or 8,000 Bonus Point for your Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees( Tk. 50/- purchase 1 Bonus point). The Highest Dhaka Bank Bonus Point holder can enjoy free air ticket Dhaka-Bangkok-Dhaka. (Business Class). Cash advance facilities. 1,39,00,000 locations accept MasterCard worldwide Facilities Available with the Card The Card can be used for 01. Making payments to Merchants against purchase of all goods and services by the Cardholder form Marchant(s) and 02. Availing Cash Advances ? 2. 1 From any of DBL Branches or any member of MasterCard of any Merchant authorized to make Cash Advances as may be agreed upon by DBL or ?By the use of the Card on any ATM of DBL or of MasterCard. Subject to these terms and conditions and in compliance with such requirements, limitations and procedures as may be imposed by DBL, any Merchant or MasterCard from time to time. 7. 2 SWIFT Dhaka Bank Limited is one of the first few East Pakistani Banks who have become member of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication) in 1999. SWIFT is members owned co-operative, which provides a fast and accurate communication network for financial transactions such as Letters of Credit, Fund transfer etc.By becoming a member of SWIFT, the bank has opened up possibilities for uninterrupted connectivity with over 5,700 exploiter institutions in 150 countries around the world. SWIFT No. PRBLBDDH Deposit Schemes of Dhaka Bank Limited Bank is the largest mobilizer of surplus domestic savings . For poverty alleviation, we need self employment, for self-employment we need investment and for investment we need savings. In the other words, savings help capital formations and the capital formations help investments in the country.The investment in its turn helps industrialization leading towards creation of wealth of the country. And the wealth finally takes the country on road to progress and successfulness. As such, savings is considered the very basis of prosperity of the country. The more the growth of savings, the more will be the prosperity of the nation. Thesavings rate in Bangladesh is one of the lowest in the world. In order to alter the savings rate, Financial Institutions responsible for mobilization of savings should offer fetching Savings Schemes so that the marginal propensity to save increases.The savings do not, of course, depend only on the quantum of income hardly largely depend on the habit of savings of the people. Contributory Savings Scheme This is a Savings Scheme in which a person gets the opportunity to build up savings by contributing monthly installments and receives an attractive fixed amount at the end of a specified term. The Scheme is designed to help the fixed income group to save money and build up a sizable funds with which they can go for some income generating venture to improve the quality of their life and/or meet any future financial obligationsThe salient features of the Scheme are given below Minimum size of monthly installment shall be Tk. 500/- and multiplies of Tk. 1000/-. Maximum installment size shall be Tk. 25,000/- The Deposit shall be for a period of 5 years. Lump sum amount shall be paid after due date or monthly Pension shall be paid for the next 5 years according to the size of deposit. A brief chart of lump sum amount and monthly pension installments payable are shown below sizing of monthly deposit (Taka) Terminal value after 5 years (Taka) Pension for next 5 years (Taka) 500/- 40,000/- 870/- 1,000/- 80,000/- 1,739/- 2,000/- 1,60,000/- 3,478/- 3,000/- 2,40,000/- 5,217/- 4,000/- 3,20,000/- 6,956/- 5,000/- 4,00,000/- 8,695/- 6,000/- 4,80,000/- 10,434/- 7,000/- 5,60,000/- 12,173/- 8,000/- 6,40,000/- 13,912/- 9,000/- 7,20,000/- 15,651/- 10,000/- 8,00,000/- 17,390/- 11,000/- 8,80,000/- 19,129/- 12,000/- 9,60,000/- 20,868/- 13,000/- 10,40,000/- 22,607/- 14,000/- 11,20,000/- 24,346/- 15,000/- 12,00,000/- 26,085/- 16,000/- 12,80,000/- 27,824/- 17,000/- 13,60,000/- 29,563/- 18,000/- 14,40,000/- 31,302/- 19,000/- 15,20,000/- 33,041/- 20,000/- 16,00,000/- 34,780/- 21,000/- 16,80,000/- 36,519/- 22,000/- 17,60,000/- 38,258/- 23,000/- 18,40,000/- 39,997/- 24,000/- 19,20,000/- 41,736/- 25,000/- 20,00,000/- 43,475/- Short Term Deposit ? A short term deposit (STD) account is a running account with amounts being paid into and drawn out of the account continuously. ? These accounts are called Demand Deposits or Demand Liabilities since the banker is under obligati on to pay the money in such deposits on demand. ? These accounts are generally opened by Business Organization, globe Institution, and Corporate Bodies. ? An STD account may be opened by an individual person. ? It is an interest bearing deposit. Interest is calculated on daily basis as per Banks Prescribed Rate and is credited to account on half yearly basis. Current interest rate on STD accountis 6 Percent.Education Savings Scheme The educational expenses particularly the expenses for higher education are sharply increasing day by day in our country. Sometimes, the children are deprived of getting the in demand(p) level of education because of the inability of the parents to meet their educational expenses. But the parents would not feel any difficulty to defray such expenses if a proper financial planning is made much ahead of time. Moreover, we are receiving demands from the Muslim minded people of our country for an attractive Savings Scheme on the basis of Moslem Sariah so a s to encourage them to save in Islamic way for education of their children.With this end in view, Dhaka Bank Limited has introduced a Savings Scheme entitled Education Savings Scheme in accordance with the principles of Islamic Sariah i. e. , on the basis of profit and loss sharing. The lineation provides a uncomparable opportunity to the parents to make a future provision for the educational expenses of their children when they enter into Schools, Colleges and Universities out of the benefit of a small amount of savings with the Bank at an opportune moment The salient features of the Scheme are given below ? The Scheme shall be implemented through all Dhaka branches, though it is specially designed for Islamic Banking branches. ? Deposit of Tk. 50,000/- and multiples thereof but maximum limit of Tk. , 00,000/- at a time will be delightful under the Scheme. ? A specially designed Receipt shall be issued for the deposit under the Scheme in the same manner as issued in case of FDR. Branches shall use the ESS pass on that used for existing scheme. ? The instrument shall be issued for a period of 5 years term. ? On maturity a lump sum amount of Tk. 85,382/- shall be payable or education allowance Tk. 1,854/- per month per Tk. 50,000/- shall be payable on the basis of deposit amount for next 5 years get-go from the completion of the term as per following table. Income Tax 10% on interest may be deducted at source at the time of payment of lump sum amount. Initial Deposit (Taka) Lump sum amount payable at maturity (Taka) Amount of Education allowance per month (Taka) 50,000/- 85,382/- 1,854/- 1,00,000/- 1,70,763/- 3,705/- 1,50,000/- 2,56,145/- 5,558/- 2,00,000/- 3,41,526/- 7,410/- 2,50,000/- 4,26,908/- 9,263/- 3,00,000/- 4,69,704/- 11,115/- 3,50,000/- 5,47,988/- 12,968/- 4,00,000/- 6,26,272/- 14,820/- 4,50,000/- 7,04,556/- 16,673/- 5,00,000/- 7,82,840/- 18,525/- doubling Benefit Deposit Scheme ? The Scheme shall be implemented through all the branches of Dhaka Bank Limited. ? Deposit of Tk. 25,000/- (Taka twenty five thousand) and multiplies thereof but maximum limit of Tk. 25, 00,000/- (Taka twenty five lac) at a time will be acceptable under the scheme. ? The instrument shall be issued for 5 years 4 months term. ? At maturity after 5 years 4 months double the amount of deposit will be paid to the depositor. Photograph of Nominee, duly attested by the depositor, shall be obtained at the time of opening the account. ? Normally no withdrawal will be allowed before maturity. But if any depositor intends to withdraw his deposit before maturity, the following rules will apply ? (a) No benefit including interest/profit shall be allowed for pre-mature encashment within one year. (b) If the accounts / deposits are closed / encashed after one year of its opening, benefit shall be allowed on the deposit at normal Savings Deposit rate ? The instrument will be acceptable as collateral security against any investment subject to regi stering lien with the issuing branch. In case of death of a depositor, the amount of instrument will be paid to the nominee, to the legal heirs of the depositor on production of succession certificate. ? In case of instrument is lost the procedure for the issuance of a duplicate receipt will be the same as applicable in case of loss of FDR. ? Under the scheme depositor can get free amends facility. ? insurance constitution coverage is only applicable to personal accident and serious illness related insurance policy. ? Depositor can take loan against his/her deposit under this scheme ? At present no income tax will be deducted from the interest earned. But in future for any change in the government policy Bank reserves the right to deduct income tax.Fixed Deposit Scheme This type of deposit should be kept for a fixed term or period. Dhaka Bank Limited deals with the following terms deposit. Particulars Interest Rate 1(One) month 9. 00% 3(Three) month 12. 00% 6(Six) month 11. 50% 1(One) year 11. 00% Lakhopati Deposit Scheme (a)Monthly Installment size, elevate and perch value of the scheme will be as follows Monthly Installment coat (Taka) Tenure Amount to be paid after maturity (Taka) 250/- 15 years 1,00,000/- 500/- 10 years 1,00,000/- 1,285/- 5 years 1,00,000/- 2,400/- 3 years 1,00,000/- Dhaka Millionaire Scheme Monthly installment shall be Tk. 12,465. 00 /Tk. 7,890. 00 /Tk. 4,570. 0 for the stress of 5/7/10 years respectively Size of monthly deposit (in Investment Tenor (in After the investment Tenor the terminal Pension size of installment Taka) Year) value of the Scheme (in Taka) according to the years Invested (in Taka ) 12,465/- 5 1,000,000/- 21,748/- 7,890/- 7 1,000,000/- 17,137/- 4,570/- 10 1,000,000/- 13,786/- House Building Deposit Scheme The tenor of the House Building Deposit Scheme will be 5/7/10 years. Minimum Equity building amount shall be Tk. 10. 00 lac. Size of monthly Size of monthly deposit inInvestment Tenor (inA ge Limit After the investment Tenor deposit in Tk. Tk. Year) (in Year)* the terminal value of the (without (with Insurance) Scheme Insurance) (in Taka)** 7,890/- 8,045/- 7 18 to 38 1,000,000/- 12,465/- 12,640/- 5 18 to 40 1,000,000/- 9,135/- N/A 10 18 to 35 2,000,000/- 15,770/- N/A 7 18 to 38 2,000,000/- 24,925/- N/A 5 18 to 40 2,000,000/- * Age upper limit will be applicable for HBL facilities only Insurance Coverage will be restricted to terminal amount of Tk. ,000,000/-(Taka Ten Lac) only, here the age limit will be from 18 years to 60 years A person can open more than one account but House Building Loan facility shall be on one account only. Account in the name of minors can be opened too under the Scheme but without insurance coverage. The installment shall be payable by the 8th day (in case of holiday the next working day) of every month. Advance payment of any number of installmentsis acceptable. 8. CAMEL Rating of 48 Banks The capital adequacy, Asset qualit y, Management standard, Earning and Liquidity rating (CAMEL) of all commercial banks on the basis of credit management performance till December 2007 have been rated by Bangladesh Bank (BB). It is mentionable that Dhaka Bank Ltd. got the top position in A class banks. CAMEL RatingAnalyzing the overall operational activities of all commercial and specialized banks central bank, the regulatory authority of countrys banking sector has ranked 6 A-class, 27 B-class, 8 C-class,5 D-class and 2 E-class banks by the end of 2007, which was completed recently. A- Class Banks 1. Dhaka Bank Ltd. 2. Shahjalal Islami Bank Ltd. 3. Commercial Bank of Ceylon. 4. Citibank N. A. 5. State Bank of India 6. Standard chartered Bank B Class Banks 1. eastern Bank Ltd. 2. Premier Bank Ltd. 3. The Trust Bank Ltd. 4. BRAC Bank Ltd. 5. Southeast Bank Ltd. 6. NCC Bank Ltd. 7. One Bank Ltd. 8. Standard Bank Ltd. 9. Woori Bank 10. Bank Alfalah Ltd. 11. National Bank of Pakistan. 12. Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. 13. Exi m Bank Ltd. 14. Mutual Trust Bank Ltd. 15. Jamuna Bank Ltd. 16. Bank Asia 17. Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. 18. Uttara Bank Ltd. 19.National Bank Ltd 20. The City Bank Ltd 21. Basic Bank Ltd. 22. Habib Bank Ltd. 23. HSBC 24. Pubali Bank Ltd. 25. Mercantile Bank Ltd. 26. Social Investment Bank Ltd. 27. Dhaka Bank. C- Class Banks 1. First Security Bank Ltd. 2. UCBL 3. Al-Arafa Islami Bank 4. Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Sangstha 5. IFIC Bank Ltd. 6. AB Bank Ltd. 7. Agrani Bank Ltd. 8. Rupali Bank Ltd. D- Class Banks 1. Sonali Bank Ltd. 2. Bangladesh Krishi Bank 3. Bangladesh Shilpa Bank 4. Janata Bank Ltd. 5. RAKUB E-Class Bank 1. Bangladesh Commerce Bank Ltd. 2. Oriental Bank Ltd. 9. Recommendation After observing the operation procedure of DBL, I recommended the following ATMDhaka Bank has few ATM booths in the Dhaka city, but these are not sufficient to give service to the customers . So Dhaka Bank has arranged an agreement with Dutch Bangla Bank limited so that the customers of the Dhaka B ank can use its booth. To give smooth service to the customers Dhaka Bank should increase its own ATM Booth. Branch Dhaka Bank should open branches in the all district towns besides Dhaka & Chittagong city for expansion its business area. Interest Rate Dhaka Bank should extend interest rate on FDR and other deposit scheme. Islamic Banking Branch Bangladesh is a Muslim majority country, so Dhaka Bank should increase their Islamic Banking Branch in Bangladesh. 10. ConclusionIn Halishahar branch I have been working for 3 months, by this time I have found some good strengths and opportunities, Dhaka Bank Halishahar Branch has a strong opportunity to achieve strong market in Halishahar area because it is situated in a appropriate and attractive place. In short time Halishahar Branch gathered 30 core deposits this is a great achievement for Halishahar branch and also achieving healthy profit as a new branch. From my view, this branch has some Strength these are ? Dhaka Bank has well repu tation in the market. It is number one Private commercial Bank in Bangladesh. ? In Halishahar branch efficient management practice. ? Halishahar branch is Well-furnished and Air-conditioned Bank. Dhaka Banks Officers are highly educated. ? Dhaka Banks Executives are highly qualified and experienced. ? Credit Department of Halishahar branch is strong prospective department. ? Dhaka Bank gathered maximum market appoint in banking business. ? Dhaka Bank not engaged in unfair business practice. ? Dhaka Bank has many attractive deposit schemes. ? Dhaka Bank becomes more reliable to the all kind of people. References 1. Kenova, V. & Jonasson P. 2006. Quality Online Banking Service. Jonkoping university. 2. Pallent, Julie. 2007. SPSS Survival Manual A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis usingSPSS for Windows. England McGraw. 3. Cooper, D. R. , & Schindler, P. S. (2003).Business research methods (9th Ed. ). Mc GrawHill. 4. Cooper and Schindler (2006) 5. Malhotra 2003 6. http//www. htm. uog uelph. ca, 7. Marketing Professional Services By Philip Kotler, Thomas Hayes, Paul Bloom. 8. Mr. Alan Lau, Head of Consumer Banking, Maybank Singapore 9. October 20011 Mr. Laksham Silva, CEO, DFCC Vardhana Bank (07/03/2012 ADRIANA REYNERI), (Tanbir Ahmed Chowdhury-2009). Deposit-slip depositing the cheque along with Crossing of the cheque are done indicating the Branch as collecting bank Entries are given in the Outward Clearing Register Endorsement Payees A/C will be credited on realization is given