Negotiations for Managers Essay

(1 50 be expenditure 1.2 points a piece)1. Which is not a characteristic of a negotiation or talk terms post?A)conflict between partiesB)two or to a greater extent parties involvedC)an established perplex of rulesD)a voluntary processE)None of the to a higher place is a characteristic of a negotiation.2. Which of the sideline is not an intangible factor in a negotiation?A)the need to look goodB) terminal agreed price on a contractC)the desire to book much businessD)fear of setting a precedentE)All of the above are intangible factors.3. Inter reliant parties affinitys are characterized byA)interlocking goals.B)solitary decision making.C)established procedures.D)rigid structures.E)Interdependent relationships are characterized by all of the above.4. propitiation with a negotiation is determined byA)the process through which an agreement is r all(prenominal)ed and the dollar value of subsidizations make by each party.B)the actual outcome obtained by the negotiation as compa red to the initial bargaining sticks of the negotiators.C)the process through which an agreement is reached and by the actual outcome obtained by the negotiation.D)the total dollar value of concessions made by each party.E)Satisfaction with a negotiation is determined by none of the above.5. Which of the following statements about conflict is true?A)Conflict is the result of tangible factors.B)Conflict can slip away when two parties are working toward the same goal and generally want the same outcome.C)Conflict only occurs when both parties want a very different result.D)Conflict has a minimal effect on interdependent relationships.E)All of the above statements about conflict are true.6. Which of the following contri exactlye to conflicts destructive image?A)increased colloquyB)misperception and biasC)clarifying issuesD)minimized differences magnified similaritiesE)All of the above contribute to conflicts destructive image.7. In the Dual Concerns Model, the train of business c oncern for the individuals suffer outcomes and the level of concern for the opposites outcomes are referred to as theA)cooperativeness mark and the competitiveness dimension.B)the assertiveness dimension and the competitiveness dimension.C)the competitiveness dimension and the aggressiveness dimension.D)the cooperativeness dimension and the assertiveness dimension.E)None of the above.8. Negotiators pursuing the yielding strategyA)show little chase or concern in whether they attain their own outcomes, but are quite interested in whether the other party attains his or her outcomes.B)pursue their own outcome strongly and shows little concern for whether the other party obtains his or her desired outcome.C)shows little interest or concern in whether they attain their own outcomes, and does not show much concern about whether the other party obtains his or her outcomes.D)show high concern for attaining their own outcomes and high concern forwhether the other attains his or her outco mes.E)Negotiators pursuing the yielding strategy demonstrate none of the above behaviors.9. A pip in which themes subsist so that both parties are trying to find a mutually acceptable solution to a heterogeneous conflict is known as which of the following?A)mutual gainsB)win-loseC)zero-sumD)win-winE)None of the above.10. T or F The parties prefer to negotiate and search for agreement rather than to fight openly, give one side dominate and the other capitulate, for good break off contact, or take their dispute to a high authority to resolve it11. T or F When the goals of two or more than(prenominal) people are interconnected so that only one can achieve the goalsuch as running a race in which on that point will be only one winnerthis is a competitive situation, also known as a non-zero-sum or distributive situation12. T or f Negotiators do not have to be versatile in their comfort and use of both major strategic approaches to be successful.13. Distributive bargaining strate giesA)are the most efficient negotiating strategies to use.B)are used in all interdependent relationships.C)are useful in maintaining long term relationships.D)can cause negotiators to ignore what the parties have in common.E)None of the above describes distributive bargaining strategies.14. The objective of both parties in distributive bargaining is to obtain as much of which of the following as achievable?A)bargaining rangeB) metro pointC) rate pointD)bargaining mixE)None of the above.15. The oppositeness point is established by the ____________ expected from a particular outcome, which is in turn the product of the ____________ and ____________ of an outcome.A)cost, value, worthB)value, worth, costC)value, cost and durationlinessD)cost, importance, valueE)None of the above.16. The more you can convince the other that you value a particular outcome outside the others bargaining range, the more pressure you put on the other party to set by one of the following resistance points. A)highB)lowC)modestD)extremeE)None of the above.17. T or F The resistance point is the point at which a negotiator would like to conclude negotiations.18. T or F Each partys resistance point is openly stated at the conclusion of negotiations.19. T or F The more you can do to convince the other party that his or her costs of delay or aborting negotiations will be costly, the more likely he or she will be to establish a modest resistance point.20. T or F Studies indicate that negotiators who make low or modest go-ahead offers get higher settlements than do those who make extreme opening offers.21. The bargaining range is defined byA)the opening stance and the initial concession.B)the initial round of concessions.C)the bargaining mix and the opening stance.D)the opening offer and the counteroffer.E)The bargaining range is defined by all of the above.22. Good distributive bargainers willA)begin negotiations with the other party with an opening offer close to their own resistance point. B)ensure that there is enough room in the bargaining range to make some concessions.C)accept an offer that is presented as a fait accompli.D)immediately identify the other partys target point.E)All of the above are actions that good distributive bargainers will take.23. What statement about concessions is false?A)Concessions are central to negotiations.B)Concessions is another word for adjustments in position.C)Concession making exposes the concession maker to some attempt.D)Reciprocating concessions is a haphazard process.E)All of the above statements are true.24. Negotiators who make threatsA)are perceived as more powerful than negotiators who do not use threats.B)receive higher outcomes than negotiators who do not use threats.C)are perceived as more cooperative in distributive negotiations.D)should use detailed, complex statements of demands, conditions and consequences.E)All of the above describe negotiators who make threats.25. Hardball tactical manoeuvre are designed toA)be used primarily against powerful negotiators.B)clarify the users adherence to a distributive bargaining approach.C)pressure targeted parties to do things they would not otherwise do.D)eliminate risk for the person victimization the tactic.E)Hardball tactics are designed to accomplish all of the above.26. The negotiators basic strategy is toA)get breeding about the opposition and its positions.B)reach the final settlement as close to the others resistance point as possible.C)convince members of the other party to change their minds about their ability to achieve their own goals.D)promote his or her own objectives as desirable, necessary, and inevitable.E)All of the above.27. T or F Integrative agreements have been shown to be facilitated when parties exchanged information about their positions on particular issues, but not necessarily about their priorities on those issues.28. T or F An integrative negotiation problem should be defined as a solution process rather than as a specifi c goal to be attained.29. T or F In generating alternate(a) solutions to the problem, groups should also adopt procedures for specify the problem, defining the interests, and generating options, however, to pr charget the group process from degenerating into a win-lose competition or a debating event.30. T or F Expanding the pie as a method of generating alternative solutions is a complex process, as it requires much more detailed information about the other party than do other methods.31. Which of the following processes is central to achieving or so all integrative agreements?A)moderating the free flow of information to ensure that each partys position is accurately statedB)exchanging information about each partys position on key issuesC)emphasizing the commonalties between the partiesD)searching for solutions that maximize the substantive outcome for both partiesE)All of the above processes are central to achieving integrative agreements.32. In which major step of the integrat ive negotiation process of identifying and defining the problem would you likely find that if the problem is complex and multifaceted the parties may not even be able to agree on a statement of the problem?A)define the problem in a way that is mutually acceptable to both sides.B)state the problem with an eye toward practicality and comprehensiveness.C)state the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal.D)depersonalizing the problem.E)separate the problem definition from the search for solutions.33. Which of the following statements about interests is true?A)There is only one typeface of interest in a dispute.B)Parties are always in agreement about the type of interests at stake.C)Interests are often based in more deeply rooted human needs or values.D)Interests do not change during the course of an integrative negotiation.E)All of the above statements about interests are true.34. Successful logroll requiresA)that the parties establish more than one issue i n conflict and then agree to trade off among these issues so one party achieves a passing preferred outcome on the first issue and the other person achieves a highly preferred outcome on the second issue.B)no additional information about the other party than his/her interests,and assumes that simply enlarging the resources will solve the problem.C)that one party is allowed to obtain his/her objectives and he/she then pays off the other party for accommodate his/her interests.D)a fundamental reformulation of the problem such that the parties are disclosing sufficient information to discover their interests and needs and then inventing options that will satisfy both parties needs.E)Successful logrolling requires all of the above.35. When confronted with complex problems, or a large number of alternative options, which of the following steps is necessary?A)broaden the range of solution optionsB)evaluate solutions on the basis of quality, standards, and acceptabilityC)decide on crite ria date evaluating optionsD)maintain a focus on the influence of tangibles in selecting optionsE)All of the above steps should be used when confronted with complex problems.36. In nonspecific compensationA)resources are added in such a way that both sides can achieve their objectives.B)one party achieves his/her objectives and the others costs are minimized if he/she agrees to go along.C)the parties are able to invent new options that meet each sides needs.D)one person is allowed to obtain his/her objectives and pay off the other person for accommodating his interests.E)All of the above are colligate to nonspecific compensation.37. Which guideline should be used in evaluating options and reaching a consensus?A)keep the range of solution options as wide as possibleB)evaluate the solutions on the basis of speed and expediencyC)keep detailed records throughout the discussion and evaluation processD)be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting optionsE)None of the above sho uld be used in the evaluation process.38. Which of the following is not necessary for integrative negotiation to succeed?A)Each party should be as interested in the objectives and problems of the other as each is in his/her owneach must assume responsibility for the others needs and outcomes as well as for his/her own.B)The parties must be committed to a goal that benefits both of them rather than to pursuing only their own ends.C)The parties must be willing to adopt interpersonal styles that are more congenial than combative, more open and rely than evasive and defensive, more flexible (but firm) than stubborn (but yielding).D)Needs have to be made explicit, similarities have to be identified, and differences have to be recognized and accepted.E)All of the above are essential for integrative negotiation to succeed.39. Which of the following factors does not contribute to the development of trust between negotiators?A)We are more likely to trust somebody we perceive as similar to u s or as holding a positive attitude toward us.B)We often mistrust people who are dependent upon us because we are in a position to help or hurt them.C)We are more likely to trust people who initiate cooperative, trusting behavior.D)We are more likely to trust negotiators who make concessions.E)All of the above contribute to the development of trust between negotiators.40. What are the most critical precursors for achieving negotiation objectives?A)Effective strategizing, cooking and preparationB)goal setting and target supplyingC)defining frames and setting goalsD)framing and strategizingE)none of the above41. Which of the following is not a reason that negotiations fail?A)Allowing insufficient time for planningB)Failing to set clear objectivesC)Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of their and the other partys positionsD)Depending on being quick and clever during negotiations42. A strong interest in achieving only the relationship outcomes suggests one, if any, of the follo wing strategies. Which one?A)competitiveB)accommodationC)collaborativeD)avoidanceE)none of the above43. Getting to know the other party and understanding similarities and differences represents what key step in the negotiation processA)preparationB)information gatheringC)relationship buildingD)information usingE)None of the above44. What is the dominant force for success in negotiation?A)a distributive vs. integrative strategyB)the planning that takes place prior to the dialogueC)the discussions that precede planning sessionsD)the tactics selected in support of strategic goalsE)all of the above45. Does any of the following represent the point at which we realistically expect to achieve a settlement?A)specific target pointB)resistance pointC)alternativeD)asking priceE)none of the above46. If the other party has a strong and viable alternative, he/she willA)be dependent on achieving a satisfactory agreementB)appear aggressive and hostile in negotiationsC)set and push for high objectiv esD)have unlimited negotiating authorityE)all of the above47. Under which of the following questions of protocol would you find a bargaining relationship discussion about procedural issues that should occur before the major substantive ones have been raised?A)What agenda should we follow?B)Where should we negotiate?C)What is the time period of the negotiation?D)What might be done if negotiation fails?E)How will we keep track of what is agreed to?48. T or F If what we want exceeds what the other party is capable of or willing to give, we must either change our goals or end the negotiation.49. T or F If both substance and relationship outcomes are important, the negotiator should pursue a competitive strategy.50. T or F Alternatives are very important in both distributive and integrative processes because they define whether the current outcome is better than any other possibility.(51 54 are worth 10 points a piece)51. Name the four levels of conflict that are commonly identified. Ex plainhow conflict is a potential consequence of interdependent relationships.52. What characteristics of original offer, opening stance and opening concession would signal a position of firmness? Of flexibility? What are the advantages of adopting a flexible position?53. What tactics can be used to communicate firm flexibility to an opponent? In addition, what guidelines should be used in evaluating options and reaching a consensus?54. Research by Greenhalgh suggests there are cardinal key steps to an ideal negotiationprocess. Which of the Greenhalgh seven steps of negotiation do Asian negotiators spend a great deal of time on? Why is this so important?

Coke-India: Case Study Essay

Coca-Cola has considerably gained a large share of the market in the sluttish drinks industry. In the chase of expanding to foreign companies, it decided to explore India which presented great potential for revenues due to the exploitation universe. The company built bottling plants in India and also contracted with local anaesthetic entrepreneur to facilitate the circulation of the products. Acquisition of local beverages companies, aggressive advertising campaigns and competitive pricing played an important role in helping not bad(p) the market and gave Coca-Cola a competitive advantage over local beverages.In no time, Coca-Cola had gained the trust of the population and experienced a tremendous growth of the business in the region. This success was tarnished when accusations were brought to the government of India about a discovery found in the tests conducted by the Center for Science and Environment (CSE), a Non-Governmental Organization in India. The discovery revealed that elevated amount of toxic substances (including Lindane, DDT, malathion and Chlorpyrifos) had been found in atomic number 6 and Pepsi products especially in soft drinks.These substances are kn give to be dangerous to human health including causing cancer, birth defects and damage to the unquiet and reproductive systems. Fol downcasting this discovery, Indias government banned all shock and Pepsi products and launched an independent investigation. Coke stocktaking price plumed the company promised to launch its own investigation and provide the results of the tests to disclaim the CSEs accusations to go back the trust of the consumers in India.Previous cases involving Coca-Cola Company show that this is not the first time that the company is convolute in this type of allegations. The purpose of this letter is to bring to your attention the ethical issue presented in Cokes business practices with emphasis on product safety and quality. The practices presented in the facts above n eed to be investigated and resolved. If these practices are not investigated and addressed, the effects to the population will be very de giganticating for many.The concerns will at last spread out of India and pose great distress to the community of soft drinks consumers around the world. In appendage to the consumers, these concerns will also affect Indias population, employment growth In India, the employees, current and future investors, the suppliers and the competitors. In response to these practices, I am proposing three different approaches that can be used to solve the quandary and I hope that one of them can ultimately be work throughed.The three alternative resolutions are found on the Utilitarian principle, the ethics of Virtues and Kants savorless Imperative rule. The Utilitarian principle calls for actions that would produce the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness (James, 2010). If Coca-Cola wants to regain the trust of its consumers and reassures them of the non-validity of the accusations, it should use mass media and communicate the results of their own tests to the greatest number of people. Instead of doing so, the companies redirected the consumers to its website to find the information.Now in a population with a low per capita of 6 bottles per year, I do not think that finding the results on the website is a proper media author for the consumers. Coming clean about the allegations will reassure the consumers and all the stakeholders. If the company uses the mass media to publish its results, the vast majority of population will get answers to the concerns and this will also help the company increase gross revenue and attract more investors. An separate solution will be based on the ethics of Virtues. check to Aristotle, a virtue is a trait or character manifested in habitual action (James, 2010). Here, Coke and Pepsi should construct positive behaviors of honesty and care and therefore invest more resources in educating th e population on the processes used to manufacture their beverages from the collection of water to the cleanliness of the trucks used for transportation of the final products without of course revealing the pattern of the drinks. The purpose of this step is to present consumers the strict safety standards that the companies claimed they use at all times in their manufacturing lants.In doing so, these companies show care for their consumers and their willingness to abide to regulations. The facts presented above show that this is not the first time Coca-Cola is bear on in this type of allegations as mentioned in the Belgium case of 1999. Instead of taking responsibility for the accusations Ivester, Coca-Colas chief operating officer at the time on visit in Paris, returned to the U. S. A without responding to the crisis leaving the consumer in distress. This is not a behavior of a person who cares about the well-being of the consumers.To avoid this type of habit to develop, it is imp ortant to implement policies that ensure that the processes of manufacturing these goods are well presented to consumers. The third alternative resolution is based on Kants Categorical Imperative rule. Kant defined this rule as follow act only according to that maximum by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (James, 2010). Kants Categorical Imperative rule calls to act in such a way that the action taken under the circumstance could be a universal law, rule or behavior.I think that Coke, Pepsi and other beverage companies in India should joint the government in developing standards that they believe are strict affluent to eliminate the potential for contamination in the manufacturing process of the soft drinks. These standards will also ensure a safe delivery of the final products. Everything use to produce and deliver the final product should be complimentary of all contaminants. In developing these standards, companies obscure and the gove rnment should make sure that the standards apply to all the parties involved in the production of beverages.In conclusion, I believe that the ethics of Virtues is the best approach to address this issue. A company that cares about the well being of its consumers always engages in activities that promote that objective. By caring for the consumers, managers at Coca-Cola and Pepsi will ensure that all the proper steps are taken to eliminate contamination. If a contamination occurs somehow, the company should take responsibility for the event and assist in resolving it not run extraneous and abandon the consumers in distress. Corporations should face the consequences of their actions at all time.

Digital Fortress Chapter 48

What? Midge sputtered in disbelief. Strathmore claims our data is wrong?Brinkerhoff nodded and hung up the ph mavin.Strathmore denied that TRANSLTRs been stuck on one file for eighteen hours?He was quite pleasant virtually the whole thing. Brinkerhoff beamed, pleased with himself for surviving the turn to off call. He assured me TRANSLTR was working fine. Said it was breaking codes every six minutes even as we speak. Thanked me for checking up on him.Hes lying, Midge snapped. Ive been running these Crypto stats for two years. The data is never wrong.First time for everything, he verbalize casually.She shot him a disapproving look. I run all data twice.Well you know what they hypothesize about computers. When they screw up, at least theyre consistent about it.Midge spun and faced him. This isnt funny, Chad The DDO just told a strident lie to the directors office. I want to know whyBrinkerhoff suddenly wished he hadnt called her back in. Strathmores phone call had set her off. Ev er since Skipjack, whenever Midge had a sense that something suspicious was going on, she made an eerie transition from wreak to fiend. There was no stopping her until she sorted it out.Midge, it is possible our data is off, Brinkerhoff said firmly. I mean, think about it-a file that ties up TRANSLTR for eighteen hours? Its unheard of. Go home. Its late.She gave him a haughty look and tossed the report on the counter. I trust the data. Instinct says its right.Brinkerhoff frowned. Not even the director questioned Midge Milkens instincts anymore-she had an uncanny habit of always organism right.Somethings up, she declared. And I intend to find out what it is.

Macroeconomics and Managerial Decision Making Essay

A recession is defined as a full point of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters (Farnham, 2014). The United States began to visualise this crisis in 2007 and continued to feel its effects in early 2012 (Farnham, 2014). Employment growth during the current convalescence has been weak compared with past recoveries. It has taken nearly five years since the beginning of the economic expansion for nonfarm troth to return to its pre-recession peak (Laderman & Leduc, 2014, parity 2). New businesses or start-ups grew very slowly during the recovery phase.Because start-ups generate tunes at a much faster pace than older businesses during recoveries, the account for a significant portion of job growth in the economy, even though their share of overall employment is quite small (Laderman & Leduc, 2014, para 2). Employment at start-ups was particularly hard-hit during the Great Re cession, suffering a much steeper decline in growth compared with more than mature businesses compared with start-ups in previous recessions (Laderman & Leduc, 2014, para. 3).Health shell out is also affected by economic changes. The results are usually seen later than some other areas as during periods of layoff employees are generally afforded a prison-breaking package that covers their insurance for a period of time (Bassett, 2008). Surgeries are one part of the health care industry that is affected by the economy. From out-of-pocket procedures like Lasik to surgeries covered by insurance, many patients are more reluctant to undergo procedures that are more expensive than a regular doctors gossip (Bassett, 2008, p. 19). The life insurance industry also felt a change in their capital levels in 2008 (Cooper & Frank, 2011). Best summarized 2008 as among the worst in memory for life/annuity operating performance(Cooper & Frank, 2011, p. 78). Puerto anti-racketeering law has been i n a multiyear recession beginning in 2006 and it anticipates it will continue through 2015 with a affirmable end in sight beginning in 2016 (Ruiz, 2015).Puerto Ricos manufacturing sector has seen a sagacious decline in investment since the expiration of tax-free credits in 2006, given by the US to corporations in the Commonwealth, which has been the main driver of the recession (Ruiz, 2015, p. 1). Although the real estate market in Puerto Rico straightaway appears to be becoming more attractive. Puerto Rican real estate is becoming increasingly attractive, as the multiyear recession demoralise price growth (Ruiz, 2015, p. 2). A period of slow economic growth is not a ripe(p) time to invest, expand, or start-up your business. Personal assets are an important part of the funding process for new businesses and the downturn of the housing market weakened the ability for many to invest, expand, or begin a young caller (Laderman & Leduc, 2014).ReferencesBassett, E. (2008). Health c are sacrificed during economic slowdown. Fort Wayne Business Press, 19-19. Farnham, P.G. (2014). Economics for Managers 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Laderman, L., & Leduc, S. (2014). Slow business start-ups and the job recovery. FRBSF Economic Letter, 20. Ruiz, G. (2015). Consumption weak despite a recovery in investment. Latin American Monitor, 1-2.

School Based Assessment for Learning

civilise establish opinion for reading A report Assuring Fairness in the legal opinion comp angiotensin-converting enzyment of cultivate ground appraisal design in Brunei Abstract This article describes a inquiry project contemplate in depth carried out with 3 self-selected educators teaching position language subject in one of the secondary discipline in Brunei. All atomic number 18 supporting standardized t aim provided requires flexibility to append the students need individu totallyy. The paper explores the educators conceptions of and approaches to nurture base opinion in relation to their teaching.It sets the discussion in the setting of opinion for eruditeness and the literature on students learning in popular and raising students achievement in particular. Drawing out a number of identify themes arising from the study, I compare and contrast these with the existing literature. in the long run I examine almost implications of this assessment for learner s cultivation, and dashs in which we could support learners in fostering their learning to achieve the aims of the education administration of the 21st century.The look intoer is seeing at different perspective of school establish assessment for learning and if assessment is made for learners it should cater with different needs of each learner. Keywords School-Based mind for Learners, Brunei putting green Assessment job, pedagogy, standardized 1. Introduction School Based Assessment School Based Assessment for Learning (SBAfL) is an assessment for learning likewisel which foc dos on obtaining feedback on individual students development and performance in the four important domains highlighted in SPN21.Brunei is moving towards the shifts as learner is seen as a main player in education, hence to support the changes towards assessment for learning Brunei parkland Assessment Task (BCAT) is implemented. The idea of the introducing BCAT is to make a transition or pedagogical sh ift between the old system to a unexampled format SBAfL School-Based Assessment for Learners instead of learners. In ramble to ease the transition, the syllabus plane section introduced BCAT, standardized SBAfL stress. This paper therefore examines / aims to highlight signifi terminatet aspect of school based assessment or learning and the lapses in existing practices. Assessment for learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for intention by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there. Assessment crystalise Group (2002) 2. 1 Objectives or purposes of SBAfL The rationale behind school-based assessment We first can start by manifestationing at the overseas. Internationally, particularly in the West, many countries and almost all the examination boards have introduced school-based assessment.In fact, near countries, SBA imparts to 100% of the total assessment of the student s. Typically, however, in countries such as Australia and the UK, it contributes or so 50%. So, you must ask that why have these countries and increasingly, why are other countries at one time fol brokening this example and introducing SBA? First of all, the conclude is to improve validity. It is to ensure that we can assess the full ply of outcomes relevant to our subject. And this is to ensure that we are assessing those things that we are authentically value.But, there is a nonher side of it people often think that there is a microprocessor chip of a trade-off between validity and reliability. Actually, what we dwell is that when school-based assessment is through with(p) properly, it can also contribute to reliability too. In other words, it can be ensure that the student has a more stainless assessment of their ability. Sometimes more accurate than can be obtained from a one-shot examination. So these are some of the reasons why we move to school-based assessment. 2. R eview of Related LiteratureThe main investigate question is to what anesthetize school based assessment assistant students learning with the implementation of Brunei Common Assessment Task (standardized tasks)? Does standardized task could be used for all students? The main theme identified from the previous introduction is the rationale of school based assessment. In literature part, I intended to review the significant of school-based assessment towards students learning. Prior to gathering the literature, I produced a list of necessary references and resources to cite from.These resources include library books, internet, journal articles, magazines and electronic books. The first stones throw was a big amount because it was non easy to locate the literature. In researching the literature, attention was drawn to the keywords assessment task, assessment for learning, and standardised assessment. 3. 2 Assessment tasks Assessment and schooling go hand in hand. The assessment o f learners and learning is a regular practice in education and are used to determine how removed learners have learnt or mastered an educational task or cogniseledge or how well an educational process has addressed its set objectives.Anikweze (2005 2) precisely refers to Assessment as the process of investigating the status or standard of learners attainment, with reference to judge outcomes that must have been specified as objectives when it concerns learners output. Njabili, Abedi, Magesse and Kalole (20052) add that The fundamental role of Assessment is to provide authentic and meatful feedback for improving student learning, instructional practice and educational options which pith that Assessment is non and so should not be seen as an end it itself but a meaning to a justifiable end of learning. the students point of view matters because of its effect on learning. From the students point of view, separateroom assessment information is not merely information nigh himse lf or herself. Rather, it forms a major part of his or her learning life, becoming part of the lessons he or she is expected to learn, the relationship he or she has with the teacher and the subject matter, and relationships with peers. (Brookhart, 2003, p. 6) 3. 3 Fairness in School Based Assessment Among recent trends around the globe, is the concern on fairness in matters concerning the various issues in education.In some contexts, Fairness and Equity are used synonymously. Fairness or equal opportunity in assessment relates to two issues fairness in . . . comparison in essence, have the groups being tested had the same opportunity to learn? (Uwakwe, 2005 p4). Teachers are professional and know their students best. So they can compare their students work done inside or outside the classroom. Then they can authenticate whether the students themselves have done the work. In this way the authenticity of SBA is guaranteed and students abilities can be accurately reflected.Assessm ent and grading procedures had the effect helping some students succeed now must serve to help all students succeed. The Including all learners statement should be used by settings/schools to look at their existing arrangements and identify good practice. Assessment as Learning is a Professional agreement in a previous system. Assessment for learning (AfL) should be Celebration of Learning students should involve not abundant process (Rick and Doug, 2008). 3. Research Design It will generally give the overview of the research design, methodological analysis, method, selection of research participants, and data collection.The details of data account will be presented in the later part of this report. I had outlined a research focus and constructed the main research question aligned with the qualitative methodology. I had chosen semi-structured interviews for my data collection because it suited with the nature of my study. Three participants were recruited for the research. I deve loped understanding of the issues which emerged in the research from the coding frame after analysing the data collected using the grounded analysis procedures. Finally, I presented the extracts based on the participants transcripts. . 4 Main Research Question The Brunei Common Assessment Tasks (BCATs) currently implemented in schools are formal, standardized and moderated assessment tasks that familiarise teachers and students with Assessment for Learning (AfL) best practises. Over time, teachers are expected to develop their own SBAfL tasks to better cater to the varied abilities and needs for their students. The main research question is to what extend SBAfL help students learning with the implementation of Brunei Common Assessment Task (standardized tasks)? 4. 5 Choice of MethodologyThe methodology that I selected and employed throughout the research is qualitative. I chose qualitative because it is fundamentally different from quantitative methods. This qualitative research met hodology puts my research in a good position because I call for to gain meaning and understanding of teachers experience stored, improved and implemented for future practices. This methodology I used requires special equipment to repose and transcribe to gather and analyse the data in-depth. Therefore, the qualitative perspective emphasises on the depth of the understanding of the study. 4. 6 SamplingThe sample involved 3 teachers who taught English language in one of the secondary schools in Bandar Seri Begawan. Considering their desktop of teaching experience, each teacher has taught English language at different length/duration in experience of teaching. Three teachers which I recognise as teacher A, teacher B who has taught 13 historic period in English language and teacher C which is a new experience teacher taught English subject. 4. 7 Limitation of Study There are shortcomings, conditions or influences that cannot be controlled that place restrictions on the methodology a nd conclusions that I have chosen.Even though the report finished on time, it does not mean that I did not face any problem in doing this research. Initially, I intended to interview some students to see the overview, real-classroom situation. However, with school activities these students had to involved, it was difficult to gather these students to willingly involve in this study within the constraint time. Another impediment I faced was, no permission was given in collecting students mark as the academician staff seen this as case sensitive. The idea was to view the overall and breakdown results of a chosen class as a reason to see students progress and development when onducting assessment. 4. The Account In line with the research question to investigate the students learning with the implementation of Brunei Common Assessment Task (standardized task) in supporting assessment for learning, teachers were asked their views and experiences in conducting school-based assessment. F igure 1 This figure shows Coding Frame which indicates issues arise during the grounded analysis study. Two nodes were exceedingly discussed teachers view on school based assessment and impact of standardised Brunei Common Assessment Task (BCAT) for learners.The figure indicates number of times by which it is frequently mentioned by the participants, on twain teachers view and the implication of the standardised task. When linkage as I observed it seems that the standardised BCAT is unconstructive for low achievers and all samples were agreed the assessment practice is quite summative. To make it easier to see account frequently mentioned by each participants, I breakdown the findings into Teacher A, Teacher B, and Teacher C. See graph From the findings, all participants mentioned that assessment for learning (AfL) are beneficial for the learners.From the graph, it says AfL are helpful for higher achievers, and could improve group of average students in their learning The feedback of the assessment helps them in improving. The weak students for some help them. For others its still struggle. Teacher B On the other hand, another participant describes that standardized BCAT is unconstructive for low achievers My comments on this may not affect the whole scenario, because my year 7K, very special class that cant read and cant write so Im struggling with them. So, standardized BCAT is not for them.It is wonderful test paper, the middle set and the top set is more relevant to them. If SBAfL, teacher are given liberty to do their own SBAfL, it will be much better, for me and for my students because I know their level and I know what to prepare for them. But the rules said it must be standardized, I couldnt do anything. So, BCAT wasnt really helpful for them, for particular class. Teacher A The participant seems to relate that standardized BCAT or assessment practice is quite summative and less helpful to cater students need In the test or during the test, I have to help them, as most of them will get zero.The student and the teacher couldnt finagle the extensive syllabus. The syllabus is so huge, even by selecting few pieces in the textbook didnt help because by the end of the day I have to go to the basic spelling, writing, reading, and the teacher had to forget about the grammar, spelling first. We need to focus on the other skills. Teacher A 5. Discussion Following, the details of data account will be analysed, interpreted and discussed. There are two significant points that emerged from these findings.I integrate the key issue into one significant aspect which deal with the obstacles that the teachers face in conducting assessment for learning in relation to standardised BCAT for learners as to answer the main research question 5. 1 Discussion of assessment for learning in supporting lower achiever While the literature review gave a general picture on the roles of assessment, the finding have revealed that the challenging questions of how teacher conducting everyday assessment task.Since SBA is a new mode of assessment, education policy provides teachers with the assessment criteria and a series of examples to illustrate the standards. They also provide culture for teachers. All these measures will ensure standardization among teachers. Teachers know their own students, but may not know the standards of students in other schools, there may be discrepancies in the assessment of a students performance by teachers from different school. The participants argued that there are reasons why assessment and grading procedures had the effect however helping some students succeed.Assessment for learning should not be seen as a professional obligation for the students if we want to achieve the aim of the education system. A view expressed by a participant shows that including all learners statement should be used by settings/schools to look at their existing arrangements and identify good practice. Common assessment task shows very little indications what students could actually do in real world or situation content-based assessment task less constructive in promoting critical thinking and skills necessary by the nation.Hence, project-based does necessary happen and performance-based assessment. Conclusion If we are serious about raising student achievement, we have to change what happens in the classroom to enable all learners to access relevant skills, knowledge and understanding at an hold level. Schools may select content from or any key stage within the curriculum and use it flexibly, together with the skills framework given. In order to provide a meaningful relevant and motivating curriculum for their learners, meet the specific needs of their learners and further their all-round development.Recommendation the need of flexibility It is recommended that flexible assessment activities is needed to cater the needs of different students and allow them to be assessed effectively. I would like to take this one step further and suggest that, there is a need of flexibility in assessing students task by considering level of the students, settings/schools must work to provide an inclusive curriculum which offers opportunities for all learners to achieve and contribute to todays multi-ethnic. Arrangements for monitoring and evaluating the curriculum should be set out in school policy documents.The full range of professionals, learners and parents/carers can play a part to evaluate the effectiveness of the whole curriculum in the bimestrial term. Standardization is helpful to cater some groups of students, however with the extensive syllabus weaker students could not cope with too many common assessment tasks. Therefore there is a need to reduce number of common assessment task to be beneficial for access relevant skills, knowledge and understanding In order to provide a meaningful relevant and motivating curriculum for all learners. Reference * Black, P. and William, D. (2001). Inside the downcast box.Raising standards through classroom assessment. http//www. pdkintl. org/kappan/kbla9810. htm * Black, P Wiliam, D 1998, Assessment and Classroom Learning, Education Principles, Policy and Practice, March, vol 5, no 1, pp 7-74. * Educational Leadership February 2000 Number What Do We Mean by Results Using Rubrics to Promote Thinking and Learning Volume 57 Pages 13-18. Retrieved February 1, 2013, from http//www. pbs. org/teacherline/courses/rdla230/docs/session_2_andrade. pdf * Glasson, T. (2009). Improving Student Achievement. A practical guide to Assessment for Learning.Curriculum Corporation, Victoria, Australia. * Hong Kong Assessment and testing Authority (HKEAA). Introduction to School-Based Assessment. Retrieved February 3, 2013, from http//www. hkeaa. edu. hk/en/SBA/ * Hong Kong Assessment and Examination Authority (HKEAA), http//www. hkeaa. edu. hk/en/SBA/ * Jim Tognolini (2007). Standards-based assessment a lance and means to the development of h uman capital and capacity building in education. Australian Journal of Education, Vol. 51, nary(prenominal) 2, 2007, 129-145 * Phelps, Richard P. , Standardized Testing Primer. (New York, NY Peter Lang, 2007)

Autism Psa

National Autism Association One in 88 nestlingren and 1 expose of 54 boys are born with ASD (National Autism Association, 2012), autism spectrum disorder. Many people stick heard of the disability called autism, but umteen do not know what it is exactly or the struggles it plunder bring. National Autism Association is an organization that provides fellowship to the corporation about autism, while providing garter and hope so that all affected babyren can stretchability their safe potential.NAA provides numerous programs to attention back down individual with ASD as easy as his or her family, including the luck Hand Program, Big loss Safety, and Progress Research. NAA strives to help the autistic community while offering opportunities to support this cause. Before knowing what NAA is, it is important to have a better understanding of the disability called autism. Autism is a bio-neurological discipline disability which impacts development of the brain and areas of kindly interaction, communication skills, and cognitive function.Individuals with autism often have physical limitations much(prenominal) as allergies, asthma, epilepsy, digestive disorders, persistent viral infections, feeding disorders, sensory integration dysfunction, sleeping disorders, difficulties with verbal and non-verbal communications, social interactions, and much more. ASD is not just autism it includes early(a) disorders such as autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, nipperhood disintegrative disorder, permeative developmental disorder-not otherwisewise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome (Autism Speaks, 2012).There is much controversy as to why people have autism. The biggest short letter is that autism is due to vaccinations because of the chemical expo incontestable. Other exposures to the environment can cause autism if the immune system has certain conditions. other argument is genetics, but the rate of increase of autism today makes genetics an unlikely r eason. It was once believed the way a tiddler is raised by their parents has an influence on autism. A few other arguments include pesticide exposure, enate age, pharmaceuticals, freeway proximity, and limited prenatal vitamin intake.NAA suggests to families that if they have a child with autism, they should search various causes to become more aware and have a better understanding as to why a child office have autism. NAA has a mission statement that includes The mission of the National Autism Association is to act to the most urgent needs of the autism community, providing real help and hope so that all affected can reach their full potential. (National Autism Association, 2012) Having an autistic family genus Phallus can be a challenge NAA can help the family members as well as the person with autism in many different ways.NAA helps parents to understand Youre Not Al one and only(a), after explaining that they go away help you find a support group close to you. This can be done the yellow-bellied Pages or by going online to find a NAA chapter in your area. They also provide some link up for support and discussions where you can ask questions, state concerns, or simply talk to others who may be in the same situation. In addition to providing sources to help families find support, NAA has many programs to help afflicted families.Through these programs, NAAs goals are to strengthen autism families by providing support, giving them up-to-date information on research, funding research, and raising awareness. NAA provides support through the Helping Hand Program, Big ablaze(p) Safety stripe, and Progress Research. The Helping Hand Program is a program that helps families who cannot afford the medical expenses related to their family member with autism. NAA reaches out to families who make less than $50,000 a yr by providing financial aid.This can be used for limitedized medicines and therapy services for the treatment of autism. The Big Red Safety Box program, when funded, provides a life-saving tool kit at no cost to families with a member with autism. A presenter can pay $35 to have a Box provided to a family. The Box provides tools to help keep a person with autism safe in their mansion. Some items include education materials and tools, devil door/windowpane alarms with batteries, personalized engraved shoe ID tag, five stop signs for doors and windows, safety alert window clings, and a safety alert wristband.NAA supports research for ASD because they believe that one day a cure give be found. NAAs research fund supports studies which show promise for children suffering now. Research seeks cures, discovers new treatments, answers questions, and promotes progress. Among the many challenges of having a child with autism is keeping the child out of harms way is one of the most difficult. The Big Red Safety Box mentioned earlier provides tools to equip the home with safety accommodations, but there are other dangers to a child with autism.NAA provides information on how to keep the child from wandering, gives advice on how to respond to deterrence, and suggests methods for suicide prevention. A California research team showed that mortality of people with autism has high numbers in drowning as a result of wandering in addition, there are other wandering factors that are the cause of death. NAA provides dozen ways to prevent ASD wandering. First, the caregiver should understand wandering patterns and prevent anything that would cause the person to wander.Second, teach the child about safety by showing pictures or use simple explanations familiar to the child. Third, secure the home with door and window alarms or even fencing in the yard. Fourth, have the child wear a wrist band or anklet with a tracking device in case of emergency. Fifth, have the child wear a medical ID bracelet with his or her name and telephone number and other important information. Sixth, enroll the child in swimming lessons. N AA provides a list of YMCAs that are available for special needs swimming lessons.Seventh, alert neighbors that the child may wander, and who should be notified when they see this. Eighth, alert first responders, so that if something may happen, they can improve response with the information given to them. Ninth, have a tag, youre it strategy, where the child tags the closest adult who then becomes the person watching the child closely. Tenth, secure external settings such as school or camp know policies and inform teachers about wandering. Eleventh, learn from others by researching or inquire people who also have children with autism.Twelfth, never have s false sense as the child grows up, he or she give learn new things and have more abilities, so be sure to make changes as they grow and learn. These twelve steps can help prevent ASD wandering, and keep the child safe. Bullying is a serious issue in schools, especially in relation to students with autism. Children with disabilit ies are cardinal to three times more likely to be bullied. There are multiple forms of bullying, and each one can be detrimental to a childs learning and future. NAA has resources and provides information about bullying for parents of a bullied child and the student who is being bullied.NAA also provides information on suicide prevention and gives help via sources such as suicidepreventionlifeline. org. Whether a person has a family member with a form of ASD or ASD touches the heart, help can be provided in various ways. NAA helps the autistic community but they need donations and support to come to to do so. NAA provides a venue to collect donations. This can be done in honor of someone. The donor may choose to purchase items at NAAs Little Shop of Hope, where the proceeds benefit NAA. It is thinkable to start an online fundraising site or choose rom other methods of raising funds. ASD affects more children than any other childhood disorder, yet it is the least funded disorder. Helping raise awareness of NAA can provide more resources for research to assist members of the autistic community. NAA is an organization that provides assistance to those in the ASD community. Because of NAAs many ways of support, the autistic community is progressing to becoming more informed and supported. Autism is a large part of the world, and until there is a cure it will continue to be.It is important to remember that NAA needs the communities support to continue on in their Mission to respond to the most urgent needs of the autism community, providing real help and hope so that all affected can reach their full potential (National Autism Association, 2012). Works Cited National Autism Association. National Autism Association. N. p. , 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. . Autism Speaks. Autism Speaks. N. p. , 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. .

The evolution of the Humanitarian Intervention doctrine with a focus Dissertation

The evolution of the Humanitarian encumbrance doctrine with a focus on the most important developments of post 90s - Dissertation ExampleNo, precariousness the notion for HI has received some flash light in recent years merely the inclination trend has been notifies only among western countries while G-77 which consists of 133 states and among them 122 states have rejected the doctrine of addition preventative. Endorsing humanitarian intervention has been controversial only due to the lack of consensus and willingness about the legitimacy and legality of this doctrine which has contained HI doctrine. Regarding the practice of Humanitarian Intervention during 1990s in Iraq, Haiti, Rwanda Bosnia, Chechnya and Somalia showered the interests and willingness of Security Council to sanction Chapter VII of the UN Charter for enforcing operations in reaction to interior conflicts and human rights abuses but in purview of disorder to international quiescence and security and yet the auth orization and legitimacy remained in function of the authorization from SC and use of ramp was called justified and legal. However, this harmony among permanent member states of the Security Council does not represent the voice of the global community. Although this harmonisation among permanent member states was apparently dissipated during the crisis when China and Russia showed intentions for rejection of the resolution for humanitarian intervention which later was conducted by NATO without any authorization from the Council. This illustration of use of force against the norms of the International Law provoked another frenzied debate about whether this unilateral military action was symptomatic of the legality of humanitarian interventions which has not been permit by the Security Council. Undeniably, the Kosovo intrusion was questionable which aggravated the present niggle with this regime because it was inimitable and it increase the problems of the legitimacy while some ana lysts asserted that this use of force against humanitarian violence was a modernistic emerging norm and custom of International Law by which states practice use of force to kick the bucket human rights violations , on the other hand some scholars simply admitted the fact that this humanitarian intervention depose gradually be accepted as legal and justified practice because considering the sufferings of Albanians it empennage be canonical as legitimate. 25 Humanitarian intervention in Kosovo soon became the renowned action of NATO against human rights violations, which so ended up with Independent International Commission on Kosovo (IICK) . No doubt that under the member 51 and Article 52 of United Nations states that the ultimate legitimacy of any humanitarian intervention rests indoors the powers of Security Council. The purpose of this commission was to inquire the legitimacy of NATOs intervention and analyse the implications of this intervention whether it can be declare d legitimate or NATOs actions require further punishment for its violation of UN Charter. Although the intervention was declared illegal but appropriate in accordance with International Law. However the Commissions definition of legality turned seemingly narrow and irrespective of its illegalities, the commission focused exclusively on the moral and ethical aspects besides respecting the preferences of super power USA under whose